问题教学法与暗示教学法在初中英语教学中应用的对比研究

　　With the process of opening-up,the communication is the tread.It is a important thing to learn English for Chinese students.Many teachers and students pay attention to the learning English.On the process of teaching,English teachers usually adopt the two kinds of methods to teaching English in the junior high school.The two kinds of methods are suggsetopedia and problem-based teaching.English teachers often spread English knowledge by stating himself or some wrong methods.There are obvious mirror in the problem-based teaching and suggestopedia.Many teachers often ignore the problem of the way of setting problem,and often do not stress the importance of suggestopedia,so that it makes students puzzle.Even though many teachers adopt the two kinds of teaching,they still can not the difference between the problem-based and suggestopdia teaching method,so they use the method of teaching in a wrong way.Now we will tell the difference between the problem-based and suggestopdia teaching method,show the way to how to use the different methods in the right time and right way.

　　Many scholars think that the two kinds of the different way to teaching English are the right way,so that they usually stress the way to how to use the methods.Many scholars don’t realize the difference of them.But the two kinds of different teaching methods have the different rule.

　　In this paper,I will tell the difference between the problem-based and suggestopdia teaching method,so that we can find the most right way to the use the teaching methods,if we don’t know the difference between them,we will lost in the way to teaching.

　　We make some tests,and find the difference between PBL and STP.There are three different points in the two kinds of English teaching.Firstly,PBL teaching method pay attention to the specific problem,and the English teachers should know the problem.On the other hand,STP is the way to make a station to make students understand,so that it is impromptu.Secondly,PBL is the method based problem,so that teachers and students often follow three steps including finding problem,solving problem and searching new problem.STP teaching method is based on the background of knowledge,in the way,the teachers often guide the students to find the way how to learn knowledge.So that the teachers are the leader of the road,the students are the main factor of the learning.Thirdly,the PBL method can make students understand the knowledge fast,and the STP method can make students memory for a long time.

　　With the development of our society English has been used not only in personal communication but also in our country’s foreign affairs.To find a good job,students need to learn English.Thus,the English teaching method which is used in each stage receives a lot of attention.In order to improve the English skills of students,educators have been constantly exploring different teaching approaches and methods of language teaching,for example,Task-based Language Teaching(TBLT),Situational Language Teaching and Communicative Language Teaching(CLT).

　　Among these important English teaching methods,Problem-based Language Teaching(PBL)and Suggestopedia(STP)have draw my attention,because education experts have carried out experiments on these teaching methods in different subjects for a long time.The following parts will focus on Problem-Based Language Teaching Method and Suggestopedia in English teaching.

　　Problem-based learning(PBL)is a student-centered pedagogy in which students learn about a subject in the context of complex,multifaceted,and realistic problems(not to be confused with project-based learning).The goals of PBL are to help the students develop flexible knowledge,effective problem solving skills,self-directed learning,effective collaboration skills and intrinsic motivation.Working in groups,students identify what they already know,what they need to know,and how and where to access new information that may lead to resolution of the problem.The role of the instructor(known as the tutor in PBL)is that of facilitator of learning who provides appropriate scaffolding and support of the process,modelling of the process,and monitoring the learning.The tutor must build students confidence to take on the problem,encourage the student,while also stretching their understanding.

　　According to the British Samford University Research Center in 2002 problem-based teaching has the following main features:

　　(1)A student-centered learning

　　(2)Learning in a small group of students

　　(3)Teachers is served as the promoter and guide

　　(4)Forming and organizing focused problems and stimulate learning

　　(5)Problems are just the medium of the development of problem-solving skills

　　(6)Through independent study to obtain new information and knowledge

　　Suggestopedia(STP)is a teaching method which is based on a modern understanding of how the human brain works and how we learn most effectively.It was developed by the Bulgarian doctor and psychotherapist Georgi Lozanov(see right).The term'Suggestopedia',derived from suggestion and pedagogy,is often used loosely to refer to similar accelerated learning approaches.However,Lozanov reserves the title strictly for his own method,and he has his own training and certification facilities.Suggestopedia was originally applied mainly in foreign language teaching,and it is often claimed that it can teach languages approximately three times as quickly as conventional methods.It is now applied in several other fields,and its central ideas inspired the development of my own Brain ware workshops.Another revolutionary language teacher who developed his own distinctive methods was the late Michel Thomas,his numerous famous clients including:Woody Allen,Bob Dylan and Eddie Izzard

　　The intended purpose of Suggestopedia was to enhance learning by lowering the affective filter of learners.Lozanov claims in his website,Suggestology and Suggestopedy,that“suggestopedia is a system for liberation”;liberation from the“preliminary negative concept regarding the difficulties in the process of learning”that is established throughout their life in the society.Desuggestopedia focuses more on liberation as Lozanov describes“desuggestive learning”as“free,without a mildest pressure,liberation of previously suggested programs to restrict intelligence and spontaneous acquisition of knowledge,skills and habits.”The method implements this by working not only on the conscious level of human mind but also on the subconscious level,the mind’s reserves.Since it works on the reserves in human mind and brain,which are said to have unlimited capacities,one can teach more than other methods can teach in the same amount of time

　　MaxMyToB,M.H.,an expert from Soviet Union has mentioned this teaching theory from a passage of his book“Modern Class”.He said that traditional teaching is a kind of explanation and example-giving teaching,which emphasizes the systematic learning of the knowledge rather than to develop the intellectual and creative ability from the requirement of the contemporary world.However,by the context of the problem,students could acquire the knowledge through independent awareness activities.On this occasion,the fact that students act as a centre of learning.Meanwhile,Brazil's well-known educator Paul’s question of teaching theory also laid the theoretical basis of PBL.

　　Then PBL was pioneered in the medical school program at McMaster University in Hamilton,Ontario,Canada in the late 1960's by Howard Barrows and his colleagues.In 1966,McMaster University of the United States set up a new medical college,at the same;the institute formed a group of experts responsible for planning the hospital’s development and setting the courses.The expert group abandoned the standard course-setting practice of the subject-centered but took another approach in instead with a three-year plan.This marked the problem-based teaching came into being,which gave a clear direction for the students-centered and interdisciplinary teaching.The PBL curriculum was developed in order to stimulate the learners,assist the learners in seeing the relevance of learning to future roles,maintain a higher level of motivation towards learning,and to show the learners the importance of responsible,professional attitudes(Barrows,1996).

　　Problem-Based Learning subsequently has been adopted by other medical school programs(Barrows,1996),adapted for undergraduate instruction as well as elementary and high school(Barrows,1996;Gasser,2011).The use of PBL has expanded from its initial introduction into medical school programs to include education in the areas of other health sciences,math,law,education,economics,business,social studies,and engineering(Barrows 1996;Gasser,2011).The use of PBL,like other student-centered pedagogies,has been motivated by recognition of the failures of traditional instruction(Wingspread,1994;Boyer,1998)and the emergence of deeper understandings of how people learn(National Research Council,2000).Unlike traditional instruction,PBL actively engages the student in constructing knowledge.PBL includes problems that can be solved in many different ways and have more than one solution.A good problem is authentic,meets students level of prior knowledge,engages students in discussion,and is interesting.

　　Schmidt(1983)describes the process of Problem-based learning as being seven steps:

　　-clarifying and agreeing on terms and concepts that are unclear

　　-define the problem and review terms which need more depth or explanation

　　-analyze,brainstorm and create potential hypothesis

　　-discuss,evaluate and organize possible explanations into potential hypothesis

　　-generate and prioritize learning objectives,divide research workload

　　-private study time to research objectives

　　-during next tutorial report back gained information,create an explanation and synthesize new information in relation to the problem

　　From the summer of 1965,Lozanov started to doing the research of problem-based teaching method.In 1978,this teaching method was mentioned in his article.Compared with conventional teaching methods,participants’Learning efficiency had increased 25 times(Jack C.ichards,Theodore S.Rodgers 2000).

　　The United States also suggests a number of experimental studies,and the reports show that by using this method.the contents of each lesson need only 1/3 of the time to complete,and after 14 weeks of the test,75%-80%of the students'oral and silent reading performance are more than a year after the level of training by conventional teaching methods(Yuan Jianping 2003).The former Soviet Union Kapitanova and Schukin suggest in contrast to other teaching methods and the actual results,the findings indicate that this teaching method is superior to the other three(Yuan Jianping 2003)

　　Some educators are still trying to use this method on the basis of previous references,and create some new teaching methods,for example,American educator Schuster and Dhority suggest teaching methods as Quick creation of teaching and acquisition methods which based on the creation of PBL(Liao Kun 2003).

　　The idea of Problem-based teaching method has existed since ancient,dating back to ancient Chinese educator Confucius.Confucius teaching ideas embodied in his famous saying:“不愤不启，悱不发，举一隅不以三隅则不复也”which means:do not enlighten the student if he himself only wants to understand through the teacher but without any active thinking;do not enlighten the student if he wants to tell but not knowing how to do it;give the learner an example on one side,if he fails to indicate the other three sides,do not tell him directly.

　　With the development of education,psychology and other related theory,the problem-based teaching method became a formal teaching method and it is continually improved by the educators.Yuan Zhenguo,who works in the Ministry of Education,had published an article“Which is More Important Questions and Answers Between”(2001).He mentioned that“to train and develop students'creativity,we must first protect and develop their awareness of the problem by using the problem-based teaching method”.

　　The theory of suggesting teaching was introduced into China until the early 1980s.Zhou Yannan(1980),a member of Central Edition,published an article in foreign magazines which described the situation of suggest teaching abroad.

　　Then,professor Hong Peixi translated parts of Lozanov’s article.That laid the foundation of China’s research of suggested teaching method.And in 1985,the famous educator Hu Yingke’s article“It is worth to study Lozanov’s Suggestopedia”had played a important role.

　　From then on,other educators had done the research of STP in turn,such as Li Ruilin and Zhang Xiuming who made some experiments and practices about STP,obtaining some successful results．They think STP will bring one revolution in the field of Foreign Language Teaching．Ying Lin(2001)，Cui Yanli(2004)，Tong Xin(2005)conduct the experiments and researches widely into listening，children learning and reading on the basis of the precedent researches．They hold STP will bring a reform in foreign language teaching．Some masters like Gao Fangling(2003),Sun Xueqin(2005),Xu Hui(2007)mentioned STP in the thesis.

　　Problem-based teaching method and Suggestopedia are both aimed to improve the learning efficiency of students,but they have their own principles,features and teaching processes.Researches on PBL or Suggestopedia have been carried out for decades.However,the comparison has rarely been made between the two teaching methods.This brings a need and a reason as to analyze and compare them.So in the next chapter I will compare two teaching methods and finding out which is more effective in English teaching class.

　　For finding the most suitable way to learning English,we make some tests and analysis the advantage and disadvantage of different teaching methods.So that we make several test to show which kinds of english teaching method better.

　　We make some tests to prove two questions,that the two kinds of Teaching method are useful for improving english scores,or not.We want get the result that which method is suitable to the english teaching.Finding suitable method must be considered on some questions,including how to improve students'positive,and how to conform to students'thoughts.

　　In the center of english learning,the two kinds of different learning methods have different advantage and disadvantage.So that we study the effect of methods.

　　We will test the effect of methods by questionnaire and testing,so that we design a detail questionnaire to get the students'thoughts and test the effect by the testing.

　　Firstly,we make a questionnaire and testing for students.Secondly,we choose a class in a junior school.Thirdly,we analysis the data,and get the result.

　　3.4.1 questionnaire

　　1)Do you like study questions?

　　A yes B no C others

　　2)Do you like discuss questions with teachers and students?

　　A yes B no C others

　　3)Can you find the answer by the questions?

　　A yes B no C others

　　4)Do you like the method of suggestopdia?

　　A yes B no C others

　　5)Do the method of suggestopdia make you have a deep impress?

　　A yes B no C others

　　6)Is the method of suggestopdia useful to improve your english scores?

　　A yes B no C others

　　3.4.2 testing

　　1)pre-test

　　We choose some new words to test the students,and realize the students'knowledge.Two teachers teach english for two classes,finally we collect the data.

　　2)post-test

　　After class,we will test the students again by the pre-test testing,so that we can know the students'learning data,at the end,we will analysis the data.

　　4.1.1 the analysis of questionnaire

　　We get a result that many students don't want preview,so that PBL is not the comfortable way for students,but the students are pleasure to discuss with their teachers and others.The method of STP make students pleasure,they are happy to enjoy the class of STP(as test one).

　　PBL STP

　　Support rate 80%90%

　　Objection rate 20%10%

　　4.1.2 the analysis of test

　　The two classes is in the stage of same level at the pro-class.We get a result that the method of PBL can make students understand words fast,and the method of STP have an effect on longtime memory.

　　Test two(Class A is based on PBL,and class B is based on STP,the Percentage shows the correct rate.)

　　4.2.1 Discussion

　　If we want improve our English score,we can choose PBL,that method of study can improve our score,and make students'positive.STP can make students memory knowledge for a longtime.

　　The Quality of question and the enthusiasm of the students are raised by PBL.And the students often put forward various problems,but some questions are out of the teacher’s expectation.The key is to teach students method.For example,how to select a reflection point in Chinese lesson,and we can set different questions in different types of articles.We teach the students how to think and should also teach them to follow the rule of thought to ask questions,using progressive,comparing type,and other ways to ask questions and doubts.After a period of training,most of students can provide more quality problems.

　　STP pay attention to double exchange that refers to the unconscious stimuli from the environment(such as classroom decoration)and facial expressions,gestures of teachers.These edges of the stimulus has important influence on the students learning ability,thus suggestive teaching stresses context arrangement,and teachers should maintain a happy,passionate,proud,full mental state.In addition to use of double exchange technology,teachers should also regularly express high expectations to the students,make student improve own expectation effect,stimulate learning confidence.

　　Application of STP is not simply to do a few gestures,put a few pieces of music,or to say a few words of encouragement.It is necessary to master the necessary psychological theory and mental skills,such as how to hold effective opportunity,how to effectively break through students'defense of anti suggestion,how to get effect without trace and so on,that are the need for teachers with high educational wisdom and the art of teaching.Therefore,it is necessary for the teachers to correspond learning and training before application of STP.

　　4.2.2 Limit

　　PBL is easy to turn to the way of solving problems,so that students may lose positive on the English study.STP has a longtime effect,but the kind of teaching is much to free to lose the aim.

　　In fact,STP also has some inevitable limitations,such as in a large groups of teaching class,it is often difficult to ensure every one get desired effect.When we transplant and reference STP,we should also be cautious,and we should not exaggerate the effect of STP,and we also need not deny.However,in the view of the psychology,STP pays close attention to students'unconscious psychological tendencies,by the positive psychological suggestion,and arouse students'confidence and motivation to learn,and stresses students'non rational factors in teaching,So that is has a positive meaning to overcome weakness in English education learning,and improve students'self study expect.

　　The psychological suggestion is very necessary in English teaching.If the teachers can use it with other teaching strategy,give full play to the teachers'educational wisdom and art of teaching,the STP has important value in improving the teaching effect,stimulating learning motivation.

　　PBL is based on questions,but not only question.In the view of the creative consciousness,scientific spirit and the construction of the innovation quality of the purpose,the teachers should pay attention to the problem of hierarchy.And the questions should not be present problem,and the teachers should pay attention to the discovery"and creative problem.To promote students intellectual level,Teaching should put main energy in process of finding problem,analyzing and solving.As long as the question is rationality,the questions should be admitted,and there is not only the standard answer.Therefore,teachers is equal to students in the teaching,rather than the chief of problem solving.

　　PBL is to cultivate students'scientific spirit and creative thinking habit,and that is necessary to carry out divergent thinking,multiple perspectives,but also to note,concentrated thinking,so that we can make them combined.Only in this way,in order to foster the students'scientific spirit and creative thinking habits,at the same time,the students can get a good job of knowledge construction and accumulation.The student thought is inseparable from the problem.Therefore,the PBL is essentially the development of source,namely the brain develop healthy.Scientific research shows that,the right brain development is conducive to the cultivation of the spirit of innovation.In this view,this is the essence of the PBL.

　　4.2.3 Meaning of study

　　On the process of English teaching,the teachers should combine PBL and STP,so that we can get the better teaching effect.Only we know the difference between PBL and STP,we can use those methods easily.

　　The premise of PBL is students'active participation in learning,but students,depends on the correct guidance of teachers.It is important to put the teachers teaching on students'subject activation and initiative.Therefore,PBL offers higher stands to teachers.In order to make students pleasure to search questions,teachers should try to wake up question awareness of the students.The teachers should provide rich problem situation,so that students can be easy to find questions and make the students present deep-seated problems,encourage students to discover new problems,put forward questions.In independent research and analysis,the students can have a deeper understanding of the problem.Making the problem with the teaching process is more than the minds of students.

　　And the problems should pay attention to characteristics and relationship.Therefore,teachers should be carefully to design situation in the teaching of rhetorical question and situation,neither exposed,directly,nor subtle,to enable students to discover problems,that should adopt to STP.We should pay attention to the factors problems related to train question awareness,such as the accumulation of knowledge,mental development,motivation and emotional states and personality habits.In order to make the students discover problems,the teacher should pay attention to students'psychological tendency,overcome fear and conformity,and to build a democratic,harmonious,relaxed learning atmosphere.

　　PBL is to ask questions,analyze problems,to solve the problem,and takes the clues throughout the whole teaching process.Firstly the teachers offer the questions,students study materials with the issue,understand the problem,discuss problems,finally according to the discussion of the case,the teacher accurately guide the students to solve the problem.

　　PBL takes the question as the carrier through the whole teaching process,so that the students add motivation and desire in the process of questions and gradually cultivate the habit of self-study,and optimize the independent learning methods in practice,so that it is a kind of teaching method to improve the ability of independent learning.PBL fully embodies the students'dominant position and that can effectively stimulate students'learning initiative and enthusiasm.

　　PBL is a teaching method of reading through putting forward a series of problems to deal with teaching organization.The characteristic is to break the order according to the text rules grasp and understand the questions of the text that are closely related to several key problems,so that it can guide students to read and think.Because the question is large,the teacher should classily the questions,collect difficult problems related to submit the students discuss.PBL is center of problem,and takes problem as a link to organize teaching process,make the problem through teaching process from beginning to end,so that the learning process of the students become"feeling,understanding of knowledge generation and development process,"and the learning process,is creation process,so as to foster the students'question awareness and scientific spirit,innovative quality.

　　STP is to design teaching environment,using exercises,music,comprehensive way to establish the unconscious psychological tendency,and create a high motivation to learn,stimulate students'learning needs and interests,and bring into play their potential,so that students in gain better effect a relaxed and pleasant learning environment.We must stress that:the environment is the important and broad birthplace of STP;human can be suggestive;in the whole view the human brain activity can be made use of;the creativity of the false negative state is most likely to enhance memory,expand knowledge and intellectual development;self development is the most fundamental need;the unpleasant things often is to resist without consciousness.

　　We make some tests,and find the difference between PBL and STP.There are three different points in the two kinds of English teaching.Firstly,PBL teaching method pay attention to the specific problem,and the English teachers should know the problem.On the other hand,STP is the way to make a station to make students understand,so that it is impromptu.Secondly,PBL is the method based problem,so that teachers and students often follow three steps including finding problem,solving problem and searching new problem.STP teaching method is based on the background of knowledge,in the way,the teachers often guide the students to find the way how to learn knowledge.So that the teachers are the leader of the road,the students are the main factor of the learning.Thirdly,the PBL method can make students understand the knowledge fast,and the STP method can make students memory for a long time.So that we should combine the two kinds of different methods.

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