一、引言
自20世纪90年代以来,中国以制造业为主的出口型经济得到了长足发展,中国在全世界制造业中的比重由3%提高到2010年的19.8%。目前,中国制造业在全世界占有很重要的地位,位居X之后已成为全世界第二大的制造业国家,并且赢得了“世界工厂”的称誉。2008年珠江三角洲地区的GDP达到2.97万亿元,占全国比重的9.1%,其中,珠三角洲制造业占比全国制造业总达30%左右,珠江三角洲地区经济的发展对我国国民经济的发展影响十分重大。但是,随着国际金融危机的不断蔓延,国际经济增长缓慢,美、日、欧三大经济体还处于经济低谷当中,再者,国内经济政策的调整,使我国的对外出口增长速度明显减慢。金融危机可以说是珠三角洲制造业特别是珠江三角洲地区以劳动密集型为主的制造业增长降速的一根导火线,金融危机爆发以后,珠江三角制造业受到了历史性的重挫,部分企业不得不限量减产,甚至破产关门。本文将探讨在金融危机背景下,我国珠江三角洲制造业所面临的冲击和存在的问题,提出我国珠江三角洲制造业发展的对策,该选题对于珠江三角洲制造业的健康发展具有重要的理论意义和实践意义。
二、我国珠江三角洲制造业发展历程
珠江三角洲,是由珠江的三条支流西江、北江和东江入海时冲击沉淀而成的一个三角洲,其面积约一万多平方公里。地处广东省的东南部,珠江的下游,毗邻港澳台,与东南亚地区隔海相望,海陆空交通便利,被称为中国的“南大门”。由于地理位置相对优越,珠江三角洲的工业化进程要比我国其他地区早。珠江三角洲制造业的发展速度是随我国的政策改变而变化,从建国到现在经历了大致三个阶段:
(一)缓慢发展时期(1949年——1978年)
这一阶段,由于新中国刚刚成立,并受到帝国主义政治经济军事的全面封锁,珠三角地区地处我国国防前线,在这个阶段内,国家的工业化水平整体比较低,资本匮乏,投资也少,经济发展缓慢,广东作为对台军事战略的前沿阵地,其工农业总产值连续14年处在全国平均水平以下。在计划经济时代和冷战时期,珠江三角洲制造业发展缓慢,主要依靠XX主导的投资维持着其缓慢增长。
(二)快速发展时期(1978年——1992年)
1978年,随着十一届三中全会的召开,我国确立了对外开放、农村经济改革和大力发展乡镇企业三大国策,经济体制改革不断扩大,市场经济不断深化,私有经济也得到长足发展,此时XX也通过招商引资的方式鼓励发展合资企业,珠江三角地区在改革开放的号角中,涌现出一大批合资企业和中小企业。珠江三角洲由以前的边远地区和军事战略防线成为改革开放的前沿,区位因素发生了根本变化,同时,城镇结构也发生了根本性变化:深圳、珠海、中山、东莞、顺德、台山、番禺等乡镇相继设市,城市个数由5座增至12座,其中9座为省辖地级市,3座为县级市,五大经济特区,三个在广东,其中,毗邻港澳的广州和深圳更是引人注目。珠江三角洲制造业在政策的引导下,伴随着工业化和城市化的浪潮如雨后春笋般不断发展壮大。
(三)全面建设阶段(1992年至今)
进入90年代,珠江三角洲的工业化和城市化的速度加快,国家的经济政策也做了相应调整,其经济结构由重视第一和第二产业的发展,转变为第二、第三产业并重发展,深化改革开放,扩大招商引资规模。同时,借助全球经济一体化浪潮,一批批合资公司和跨国公司落户珠江三角洲。伴随其经济总量的不断增大,珠三角GDP总量占全省的比重从1980年的50%提高到2003年的80%,占全国的比重也由2.6%提升到10%左右,成为我国乃至亚太、全球最重要、最具发展活力、最有发展潜质的经济区域之一。1980年—2001年珠三角年均增长21.8%,1998年—2010年年均增长12.5%,未来仍将保持较高的经济增长速度。2010年,全区域经济总量突破3万亿元,人均GDP逼近1万美元。[1]
三、金融危机对我国珠江三角洲制造业的影响
(一)金融危机影响珠江三角制造业的出口增长速度
根据广州海关的统计数据,2008年前三季度,广东总出口18060元,占全国出口总值达28%,增长13.5%,低于全国22.3%的平均增幅。到2008年11月,出口增长率下降0.8%,这是十年来第一次出现负增长。之后出口增长速度逐月迅速减少,2008年12月下降9.6%,2009年1月下降9%,2月下降8.3%,3月下降7.9%,四月下降8。1%。
(二)金融危机影响珠三角制造业的融资
2008年下半年金融危机爆发,通过两个途径影响企业的融资,第一个途径:企业在危机时刻的一般策略是“现金为王”,当每个企业都更趋向于手握现金的时候,现金需求量就会增大,不少企业特别是中小企业就会面临资金链断裂的风险。另一条途径:由于XX在2008年出台四万亿救市政策,货币超发,造成流动性过剩,引发2011年的通货膨胀,XX为了控制通货膨胀,不得不提高利率,2010年到2011年六月,我国中小型和大型金融机构的存款准备金率都上调12次,分别实行历史最高的17.5%和21%,银行利率上调达6次,深圳部分银行上调利率幅度最高达25%[2],银根紧缩让很多珠三角制造业企业难以通过银行等正规渠道融资,民间融资规模扩大,成本也随着基准利率的提高“水涨船高”。民间借贷主要有三种途径:第一通过小额贷款公司获得资金,例如,在珠江三角洲地区,有抵押物情况下,贷款月利率达2.5%至3%,无抵押贷款的情况下,月利率更是高达6.8%和10%之间;其次行业之间的拆借,这种拆借通常出现在大型交易市场,主要通过熟人介绍或者有业务上往来的合着伙伴,拆借利率在6%至12%之间;三是各种地下钱庄,资金来源复杂,有非法集资的风险。[3]据初步估算,珠三角民间借贷整体规模不大,引发区域性、系统性金融风险的可能性不大。
(三)金融危机影响珠三角制造业的生存状况
金融危机后,珠江三角洲很多制造业的外贸订单减少,出口业绩下滑,很多企业都处于半关闭半开工状态。再加上人民币连续升值,劳动力成本不断上涨以及出口退税的下调,很多的中小企业都倒闭了。根据广州海关的统计数据,仅2008年前3季度,比2007年同期有出口记录而今年无记录的企业达到6823家,其中3499家为私营企业,全省38个大类行业中,有14个行业利润总额同比下降,全省亏损企业达10812户,同比增长20.2%,亏损面达25.3%,同比上升3.2个百分点,亏损额343亿元,同比增长87.3%,广东全省2008年1~9月企业倒闭7148家,其中东莞1464家、中山市956家、珠海市709家、深圳704家、汕尾587家、佛山526家、潮州432家。[4]
四、我国珠三角制造业面临的问题及其成因
(一)没有形成完整的产业链,并且处在产业链的低端
X宏基集团董事长施振荣提出制造业产业链“微笑理论”(如图1),从这

个图上可以看出制造业产业链的各个环节之间以及与外部相关产业之间的关联关系,即产业间投入与产出,供给与需求的内在联系,制造业产业链的各环节附加值不一样,呈现两端价值高、中间低的哑铃状态。一个完整的产业链应该包括产品设计、原料采购、产品制造、仓储运输、订单处理、产品批发和终端零售七个环节,珠三角制造业就处在制造业产业链的最低端,产品制造环节的附加值最低,而其他六个高附加值环节都掌控在欧美发达国家手里,这就是制造业的“6+1”理论。[5]以富士康生产iphone为例,富士康生产一个iphone拿到4美金,其他99%的利润都被苹果公司赚走了。4美金当中包括工人工资、电费、材料费用和设备费用等,这些费用全部都是富士康的生产成本,苹果公司掌控着生产iphone除制造环节之外的其他环节,其利润是富士康的60倍。
(二)自主创新能力差
熊彼特认为,创新是指新的生产函数的建立,即企业对生产要素的新的组合,自主创新是以本国自身的研究和开发为基础,实现科技成果的商品化、产业化,获取商业利益的创新活动。[6]我国珠江三角洲制造业的发展是基于X和香港的产业转移的基础之上和国家政策的优惠,珠三角制造业创造性先天不足,自主创新能力差。首先,珠江三角洲制造业以出口劳动密集型产品为导向,是一个典型的“制造工厂”,其特点是利用低价的劳动力资源制造大量附加值低的产品,然后再出口到欧美等发达国家,其策略是以量取胜。其次,珠江三角洲制造业处在产业链低端,国际化整合能力差,其通过外部资源整合提升自身技术创新能力不足。第三,珠三角制造业企业重视技术引进,然而技术消化和吸收能力则显然较差。第四,同行业之间的低价恶性竞争,导致制造业的利润整体偏低,企业资金紧张,而科研费用又昂贵,企业研发面临心有余而力不足的局面。最后,技术研发对企业特别是我国珠江三角洲中小制造业企业来讲是一项高复杂性和高难度活动,其周期长,动用的资金大,且需要有专业的科研人员以及相应的配套设施,这使得很多企业对技术研发望而却步。[7]
(三)品牌战略意识差
营销大师菲利普科特勒认为:品牌是一种名称、名词、标记、设计或是它们的组合运用,其目的是以此辨认某个销售者或某群销售者的产品,并使之同竞争对手的产品区别开来,品牌既是企业产品和服务的特有标志,在某种程度上又是一种标准和承诺,品牌建设直接影响着企业在激烈的市场竞争中的生存和发展,是企业经营战略中不可或缺的重要组成部分。[8]珠江三角洲制造业自改革开放以来有了长足的发展,这一地区可以说是典型的“世界工厂”,但这种发展模式集中体现在“量”上,然而在“质”的方面却并没有提高。珠江三角洲制造业除少数企业拥有自有品牌,大多数还只是停留在为别人代工、贴牌生产的阶段,缺少自由品牌,这主要是因为:(1)品牌理念滞后,品牌意识淡薄。珠江三角洲企业在发展的过程中,大多数都看重有型资产的增长而忽视“品牌”这种无形资产的积累,品牌理念滞后和品牌意识淡薄使得珠江三角洲制造业缺乏国际大品牌,其产品在国际激烈竞争中缺乏一定的知名度。(2)品牌建设资金投入不足。我国制造业普遍缺乏资金,在金融危机之后,XX为了控制通货膨胀一度提高存款准备金率和商业银行存贷款利率,这使得珠三角制造企业都需要以高利贷来维持生存,更缺少剩余资金来进行品牌建设和维护。(3)珠江三角洲制造企业看重产品的产量而非产品的质量,以量取胜和以价取胜的策略使得珠三角制造业产品的质量有待提高,甚至有些产品以欧美的质量标准和环保标准更本就不达标。(4)珠三角制造企业的多元化经营策略,这种多元化经营策略充分体现了企业的逐利性,即那个市场的回报高资金就流向那里。比如2005年到2008年大笔资金流入股市,造成股市泡沫,2008年到2010年许多制造业资金流入房市,助推房价上涨。[9]这种多元化经营策略使得珠三角制造企业很难专心致志、精益求精的做好一个品牌。
(四)高增长带来高污染,使得珠三角地区的环境承载力有限
一国的生态环境随着经济的不断发展呈现出先恶化、后改善的规律。XGrossman和Krueger对66个国家的不同地区内14种空气污染和水污染物质12年的变动进行实证研究,发现环境质量随人均收入出现先增长后下降的情况,其变动趋势呈现倒U型关系,这个假说被称为环境库兹涅茨曲线(Environmental Kuznets Curve,EKC)假说,库兹涅茨曲线描述了一国的环境质量和该国的经济增长呈现出先成正比到达一个临界点后成反比,即环境质量会随着经济发展先恶化然后会好转。[10]除此之外,随着发达国家产业空心化的趋势加强,发达国家向发展中国家转移环境污染型、劳动密集型产业,发展中国家便成为“污染避难所”,其环境遭到严重破坏。珠江三角洲地区目前环境所处的阶段是库兹涅茨曲线的上升阶段和“污染避难所”的叠加,其环境质量严重下降,水资源和空气质量遭到严重破坏,主要原因:(1)经济增长方式粗放。珠江三角洲地区经济增长主要依靠劳动力、能源和资源投入。(2)公众的环保参与积极性不强。我国公民很关注环境质量,但具体的环保参与积极性却不高。(3)环境治理基本上是在环境被污染到不得不治理的时候才得到有关部门的重视,打着“边污染,边治理”的旗帜,然而在实际环境保护中地方XX为了当地经济的发展,不得不走“先污染,后治理”的道路(4)实际的环境治理过程中,环保执法屡现xxxx腐败案件,执法力度还有待加强,除此之外,我国环境保护的法律法规也不是很健全。
(五)人民币升值,企业订单减少
金融危机以后,由于美联储实施两轮量化宽松的货币政策和欧元债务的影响,使得人民币对主要货币大幅升值。统计数据表明,自2005年7月汇改到2011年末,美元对人民币双边汇率贬值达30.2%(见表一),2011年人民币对美元累计升值幅度达4.86%。珠江三角洲制造业附加值率、劳动生产率比较低,约为X的4.38%、日本的4.37%和德国的5.56%,珠江三角洲劳动密集型制造业的平均利润率大约是3%—5%,根据2010年上半年对沿海地区制造业所做的压力测试,若人民币升值3%,沿海地区制造型企业将面临着一场前所未有的打击。[11]我国制造业与欧美等发达国家的制造业在质量上存在不小的差距。
年份人民币对美元年平均汇价人民币对日元年平均汇价人民币对港元年平均汇价人民币对欧元年平均汇价

从广东深圳市的华强电子市场到中山市的古镇灯具市场,从东莞的电子制造厂到坳下村服装加工工厂,自金融危机爆发后都出现订单明显减少的情况。最为显著的是电子行业,订单更是大幅下降了30%。
(六)劳动力成本上升,企业遭遇“用工荒”
珠江三角洲制造业属于劳动密集型行业,对劳动力的需求巨大,30年来,珠江三角洲地区凭借劳动力优势,即低工资、超长的劳动时间以及不健全的工人保障,促使该地区每年发展速度超过10%,但自2005年以后,随着东部沿海地区劳动力的生存成本大幅上升以及我国中西部地区发展对劳动力的需求加大,这种趋势使得珠江三角洲地区自2005年以后就开始出现“用工荒”。除此之外,2008年金融危机爆发后,企业订单减少使得企业减产或停业进而导致民工返乡潮,返乡的民工更愿意留在家乡发展,可当2010年世界经济慢慢复苏时,很多企业用工需求扩大,然而劳动力的供给在短时间内难以弥补需求,于是出现“用工荒”。珠江三角洲出现“用工荒”,除了受金融危机影响外,还有其深层次的原因:(1)低工资是“用工荒”的主要原因,我国劳动力工资普遍低廉,珠三角地区也不例外,一个普通工人的工资在满足吃喝住行后所剩无几;加之2009年以来,我国出现了严重的通货膨胀,大蒜、绿豆、白糖、猪肉等生活必需品轮番涨价,通货膨胀使工人的生存成本加大,使得很多劳动者不愿意留在珠三角地区。(2)劳动者的劳动权益得不到有效保障,工作场地环境差,近乎“血汗工厂”式的劳动氛围,很多务工者也望而生畏。(3)劳动者家乡的子女教育和养老问题使一些劳动者宁愿留在家乡发展而不愿去东南沿海地区,2008年全国妇联开展农村留守妇女儿童关爱行动,初步统计出全国农村留守儿童超过2000万,已占儿童总数20%以上,其中,广东省农村留守儿童约100万。子女教育或者父母养老问题使得一部分打工者宁愿留在家乡发展。[12]
(七)珠三角制造业企业面临“电荒”
2011年,浙江、湖南、重庆和贵州等省市在用电淡季就出现了电力供应紧张的情况。随着时间的推移,“电荒”席卷多数华南、华东、华北甚至西北地区的部分省份。深圳、东莞、佛山等地从2011年4月中旬就已经“错峰限电”,一直要到6月下旬,一般采取“开四停三”、“开五停二”或“开六停一”措施,珠三角地区缺电现象严重对制造业企业的生产影响是很大的,比如说某企业生产软胶囊为主,软胶囊生产过程中需要对胶皮(软胶囊外壳)进行保温,然后在空气交换室冷却烘干成型,这两个关键环节对电的依赖特别强,如果在生产过程中突然断电,胶皮就会迅速固化,整批软胶囊都会报废;再比如说,纺织行业需要24小时不停供电,一旦断电,所有线都会断头,而重新接好线头就需要几百工人花费好几个小时。同时,纺纱要求恒温恒湿,重新调试空调也得两个多小时。由于缺电现象严重,珠三角制造业企业预计2012年产量比之前减少15%到20%。[11]珠三角地区出现“电荒”的主要原因有:(1)资源分布不匀,经济发展不平衡。煤炭生产与电力需求在整体布局上严重失衡,形成“西煤东送,北煤南运”的格局。中西部尤其是能源基地电源建设加快而东部地区电源建设放缓。(2)电价形成机制不健全。突出表现在“计划电”与“市场煤”的矛盾,即上游电煤价格由市场竞争形成,而下游电价则受XX的价格控制,煤炭经运输、库存等中间环节层层加价,到发电企业这里已难以承受,一吨出厂价200元的煤到了终端就飙升至800元以上,物流成本实在是很高。[12]电煤到了发电企业后,由于价格很高,使得发电企业越发越亏,因而电企不愿意发更多的电。(3)珠三角用电量很大,对电的需求旺盛。冶炼、粗钢、电解铝等属于高耗能型企业,其用电量大,除此之外还有一类企业,纺织品、服装、塑料制品、玩具、鞋类等需要24小时不断电,
(八)原材料价格上涨,珠三角制造业成本加大,利润减少

2008年6月20日国家发改委宣布:汽油、柴油价格每吨提高1000元,航空煤油价格每吨提高1500元,汽油和柴油的全国平均零售基准价分别由每吨5980元和5520元调整为6980元和6520元;上浮8%后的全国平均零售价分别为每吨7540元和7040元;折合每升约分别提高0.8元和0.92元。航空煤油出厂价格由每吨5950元调整为7450元;国家发改委发出的通知还指出,自2010年7月1日起,将全国销售电价平均每千瓦时提高2.5分钱;2010年6月份以来钢材的价格就开始一路上涨,涨幅至少30%,而且钢材的价格拐点在2011年初似乎并未出现。作为国内钢价风向标的宝钢近期又一次发布调价文件,在1月份钢材涨价的基础上,2月份钢材出厂价将每吨上调100元至300元。沙钢等钢铁厂商也纷纷响应,发布2月份涨价信息涨幅在25%以上;2010年7月份,由于棉花价格近半年来疯涨,使原本为冬装赶货的旺季变成了淡季,对整个纺织服装产业链形成巨大冲击,东莞已有不少小型服装厂因不堪重负而歇业甚至倒闭。为了节省成本开支,有的工厂干脆让工人将缝纫机租回家赶货。
五、我国珠江三角洲制造业发展的对策
(一)调整产业结构,进行产业升级
2008年底,xxxx批准实施《珠江三角洲地区改革发展纲要(2008-2020)》,并将珠三角地区的发展纳入国家区域发展战略框架,只有进行产业升级,珠江三角洲地区的改革发展纲要才能落到实处。目前,珠三角的产业已经发展到了工业化的后期,原来的发展模式难以为继,2008年全球性的金融危机的爆发使得珠三角制造业的升级迫在眉睫。根据X著名经济学家钱纳里提出的产业转换模型和“配第—克拉克”定理,三次产业的结构将随着人均GDP的增长而逐渐升级,因此,经济发展是产业升级的基础。珠三角产业升级的技术基础较好,珠三角这块热土上有华为、中兴、TC腾讯等一批具有自主创新能力的高科技企业和一些跨国公司、国内外大企业的总部。
(1)加快一体化进程,合理进行产业布局,做好珠三角产业的内部迁移工作。一方面,引导深圳和广州的劳动密集型企业迁移到肇庆、惠州、江门等成本相对较低的地方,引导其他地方的技术密集型企业和现代服务业向深圳和广州集中。另一方面,通过引导产业在各市之间的合理迁移,增大集群规模,增强集群效益,实现错位发展。例如,灯饰产业向中山集聚,服装产业向东莞聚集,陶瓷产业向佛山聚集。
(2)向内地和欠发达国家转移资源消耗型和环境污染型产业,做好产业外迁工作。那些资源高消耗和环境污染型产业必须有序地从珠三角迁移出去,到内地和欠发达国家去寻找适宜其生存的产业环境,为技术密集型产业的引进腾出空间,即所谓的“腾笼换鸟”和“放雀引凤”。一方面,珠三角的劳动密集型低端产业可以向广东珠三角以外的地方或内陆省份转移;另一方面,可以向尼日利亚、越南、老挝等成本相对较低的落后国家转移。
(3)加强与港澳台和发达国家的产业合作。珠三角不能固步自封,而应该以更加开放的心态承接发达国家和地区的新一轮产业转移,珠三角还面临美、德、日等其他发达国家和地区向外转移金融、保险、咨询等现代服务业和汽车制造、钢铁、通讯器材等先进制造业的机遇。首先,珠三角发展水平居于领先的深圳和广州要在原有基础上进一步改善投资环境,吸引国内外大公司前来设立区域总部、职能总部、研发机构、采购中心和销售中心,发展总部经济。其次,要重点引进金融业、会展业、文化创意等现代服务业和电子信息、新材料、生物等高科技产业。在引进技术时,珠江三角洲要结合技术现状,改革技术引进方式,重点引进一些核心技术,加强对专利、技术许可证等软技术的引进。
(4)引进人才,加强研发,建立产业自主创新的激励机制。迈克尔·波特在其代表性著作《竞争论》中指出,一个地区的产业要创造和维持高附加值,保持持久的竞争力,关键在于知识资源、高素质人才、现代化基础设施等高级生产要素,因为高级生产要素是产业自主创新能力的基础和源泉。珠三角只有提高产业自主创新能力,才能提高产业升级的内生能力,才能在产业竞争中居于价值链高端,才能与发达国家和地区同等竞争。
(二)扩展产业链,进行产业链整合
产业链本身即是技术链、知识链、价值链和信息链的统一结合体。产业链整合是对产业链进行调整和协同的过程。对产业链整合的分析可以分别从宏观、产业和微观的视角进行。产业链整合是产业链环节中的某个主导企业通过调整、优化相关企业关系使其协同行动,提高整个产业链的运作效能,最终提升企业竞争优势的过程。产业链整合可以增加产业中各个相关企业协调度,提高生产效率使得整条产业链产生了原来不具备的利益共享、风险共担等方面的更多功能。改善了相关企业的协调性,更利于产业甚至是优势产业的培植;同时,产业链整合将衍生出一系列新兴的产业链环,增加产业链的附加价值,提高相关联产业的密度,促进区域产业培植,提升产业竞争力;最后,产业链整合会促进社会分工的深化、协调、强化产业整体功能。产业链分工的细化、深化、更能增强产业内知识分享,分工协调、减少交易成本,获得递增报酬,将企业内的竞争优势转化为产业链的竞争优势,将企业间的竞争转化为产业链之间的竞争,进而强化产业整体功能,提升企业实际竞争优势。[13]产业链整合具体步骤有:(1)企业联盟,通过企业之间价格和信息的交流最终实现产业链纵向一体化。(2)供应链管理系统即ISC,供应链管理的原则是通过对供应链中的信息流、物流和资金流进行设计、规划和控制,保证实现供应链的两个关键目标:提高客户的满意度,降低供应链的总成本。ISC不仅仅是一种物质的供应链,而是集财务、信息和管理模式于一体,任正非曾经说:“集成供应链解决了,公司的管理问题基本上就全部解决了。”华为ISC变革采取先完成采购和库存、运输、订单履行等内部环节,再建设和优化ERP系统,最后再发展电子商务的顺序,这是管理变革中应该把握的。(3)通过企业之间的合作、合资和合并实现交易过程优化,并实现规模效应。(4)走集成产品开发之路即IPD,IPD是关于产品开发(从产品概念产生到产品发布的全过程)的一种理念和方法,它强调以市场和客户需求作为产品开发的驱动力,在产品设计中就构建产品质量、成本、可制造性和可服务性等方面的优势,尤其重要的是它将产品开发作为一项投资来管理。在产品开发的每一个重要阶段,都从商业的角度而不只是从技术的角度进行评估,以确保产品投资回报的实现或尽可能减少投资失败所造成的损失。
(三)加大科研投入,增强自主创新能力
创新是一个民族进步的灵魂,是一个国家兴旺发达的不竭动力。自主创新有三个方面的含义:一是要加强原始创新,要在各个生产领域内努力获得更多的科学发现和重大的技术发明;二是要突出加强集成创新,使各相关技术成果融合汇聚,形成具有市场竞争力的产品和产业;三是要在广泛吸收全球科学成果,积极引进国外先进技术的基础上,充分进行消化吸收和再创新。珠三角制造业以中低端为主,而某些关键核心技术没有掌握,从长远发展角度来看,珠三角制造业要发展就必须练好内功,走自主创新道路。
(1)珠三角制造业要提高自主创新能力,必须强化企业自主创新的主体地位。现阶段我国主要的创新资源多集中在高等院校、科研机构,在科技体制改革尚未完全到位时,企业还难以成为自主创新的主体,在市场经济条件下,企业在创新方面更为有效,因为它贴近市场、了解市场需求,具备将技术优势转化为产品优势、将创新成果转化为商品、通过市场得到回报的要素组合和运行机制。同时,在市场竞争压力下,企业家较之科学家,对通过自主创新提升竞争力与创造效益、谋求企业的发展壮大更为迫切。正是企业所具有的这些内在需求和属性,决定了它在创新中的主体地位。
(2)支撑技术进步和自主创新能力提高的基础是人才。世界经济全球化及产业布局调整转移初步完成,在未来的几年中,随着智能化、数字化、网络化的不断升级和快速进步,信息技术和电子行业正在面临巨大转型期,从而对人才的要求也随之提高。
(3)加大科研资金的投入进行技术创新。第一,加大对制造业技术创新的财政支出,XX的财政支出以无偿资助、贷款贴息和XX采购等形式体现。纵观美德日三个在技术创新领域都取得了非凡成就的国家他们各自这三项都占到了很高的比例,而我国相对而言,XX相关的财政支出远远不足我国XX应在符合我国现状的前提下,尽可能加大相关的财政支出。第二,制造企业在资金允许的情况下可以通过收购、兼并等方式,或者自行建立科研院所以提高技术水平。
(4)创新不仅仅是技术上的创新,制造企业的经营管理方面也需要创新。珠三角企业应该摒弃对工人的那种“血汗工厂”式的管理,应强调以人为本的科学管理理念,同时也可以借鉴发达国家的一些管理办法。比如,像富士康一类型的制造业可以借鉴佳能的“细胞式”生产流程,1997年佳能废除了16000米长的流水线后,采用细胞式生产方式改造。1998年第二年之后开始取得成效,劳动生产力平均提高了50%。其中佳能集团在中国大连的工厂因为采用了细胞式生产方式之后,一年内的劳动生产率提高了370%。公司的边际利率润由1999年的2%(也是富士康的边际利润率),提高到了2004年10%,升幅5倍之多。而且佳能每位员工的贡献利润在1999年到2000年单年内升幅高达80%,2004年更是1999年的4倍。[14]
(5)国家要保护企业的创新成果,保护知识产权。自主创新与知识产权具有相互依存、相互作用的互动关系,在创新过程中,创新主体依靠知识产权制度来保护创新权益和技术成果,通过对假冒、仿造和非法复制等侵权行为的法律制裁,保障创新者的合法权益。知识产权法通过激励发明创新,保护创新成果的方式,使创新成果得到广泛应用和传播。
建立自有品牌,走品牌道路
品牌既是企业产品和服务的特有标志,在某种程度上又是一种标准和承诺。珠三角制造业的品牌建设常常跟不上企业发展的步伐,严重制约了企业的进一步发展,品牌建设对于珠三角制造业而言非常重要。冰冻三尺非一日之寒,品牌建设对处在困境当中的珠三角制造业而言是一条艰辛而又漫长的道路。
(1)树立品牌理念。品牌定位理念是企业在实施品牌定位行为时所遵循的基本指导思想,它也是企业通过品牌定位活动传达给消费者的一种产品概念。品牌定位理念借助质量定位、功能定位、包装定位、渠道定位、价格定位、广告定位等六个方面得以实现,消费者也是从这六个方面来了解和接受企业的品牌定位理念的。因此,为了使品牌定位理念能在品牌定位实践中得到较好的体现,必须把握好品牌定位的方式及其与品牌定位理念的关系。
(2)要确立科学的品牌战略规划。科学的品牌战略规划必须建立在战略性的品牌分析基础上,首先要从分析影响品牌的内外部因素开始。品牌是企业的灵魂,企业是品牌的投资者与塑造人,而品牌最终是属于消费者的,又是市场竞争的结果,它离不开自己生存发展的内外环境。品牌塑造必须迎合消费者的利益,否则无法触动消费者的需求;品牌战略规划必须要与企业现有的资源和能力相匹配。品牌战略规划是竞争导向的,审视所处的竞争环境、明确自己的竞争对手,实现竞争区隔是品牌存在的前提。国内一些民营企业将品牌战略理解为一种短期行为和短平快的灵丹妙药,需要时或有钱时想起使用,否则就束之高阁,有的企业由于短期业绩不佳而将品牌战略误解为虚无缥缈、不能解决实际问题的手段而半途放弃。万宝路、宝洁、IBM等跨国企业无不将品牌资产视作企业最重要的无形资产,并由企业最高层直接挂帅管理,其策略与行为的变与不变,均是建立在品牌战略的基础上。
(3)正确实施品牌延伸战略。创建品牌的最终目的是为了持续获取较好的销售与利润,由于无形资产的重复利用是不用成本的,只要有科学的态度来规划品牌延伸战略,就能通过理性的品牌延伸与扩张充分利用品牌资源这一无形资产,实现企业的跨越式发展。品牌延伸提高了品牌知名度,主导产品和延伸产品因此而获益。延伸产品仍然支持主导产品的核心价值,随着延伸产品的推出,核心价值会得到进一步的强化,使品牌形象得到巩固和加强,提高了品牌资产的价值,同时又增强了延伸产品与主导产品的竞争力。对部分民营企业而言,适时地进行品牌延伸,拓宽品牌范围,是品牌竞争力进一步提升的必由之路。适宜进行品牌延伸的民营企业在原有的业务领域里通常已经确立了强势地位,企业要想扩大生存空间,首先必须确定其主业的地位是否已真正巩固,如果现有主业尚未充分巩固,或主业所处行业的成长潜力还十分可观,则需延缓品牌延伸的步伐;企业自身资源要能够为企业在其他领域的品牌拓展提供持续有力的支持;企业已经建立了相对完善、先进的管理控制体系,能够在品牌延伸后实现原业务领域和新领域的很好平衡。
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外文文献与翻译
一、文献原文
Supplier quality management in the Pearl River Delta
The primary objective of this paper is to ascertain the impact of supplier quality management(SQM)on the quality performance of manufacturing companies operating in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)area of Southern China.
Path analysis is used to build a model that demonstrates how SQM contributes to quality performance and also the constructive effect of supply quality on organizational quality performance.Data were collected from 138 manufacturing and manufacturing-related companies in the PRD.Hypotheses were formulated by means of the published literature and interviews with experienced industry personnel.
The path model indicates that SQM practices contribute significantly to quality performance and also illustrates the constructive effect of supply quality on the overall quality performance of the organization.Results also indicate that TQM philosophies can act as an essential driver in SQM implementation.
The study is confined to the PRD of Southern China and only examines the interrelationships between the constructs of TQM values and SQM practices.Several insignificant paths between SQM and quality measures should be further investigated.
The demand chain is a consumer-oriented network of business units that can link a long chain of functions,ranging from product development,sourcing,manufacturing,distribution,and even up to the after-sales support level.Many studies have addressed how a supplier effectively improves the performance of its purchasing units in an environment of constantly changing consumer expectations.These studies have discussed how supplier quality management(SQM)can enrich organizational competitiveness across a demand chain by minimizing operational costs,shortening process cycle,refining quality performance and enhancing customer satisfaction
Since the early 1980s,Hong Kong manufacturers,especially those with a long-term vision,started to relocate their productions facilities in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region of Southern China,lower operating costs being the main reason for this at that time.More recently,China has taken a number of positive actions to encourage foreign investors,particularly the development of better transportation networks in the PRD.These transportation networks have now firmly cemented many Hong Kong owned manufacturers in the PRD,and in turn the PRD has become one of the major production power-houses of China and even the World.Further consolidation has also taken place with China's WTO accession,allowing Hong Kong and the PRD to further develop manufacturing activities and to become major links the global demand chain(Hong Kong Trade Development Council,2003).Jiang and Hansen(2003)studied how a company based in Japan aligned its operations with some Chinese suppliers and retained its competitiveness by cutting operational costs and by accessing new markets.Lo and Yeung(2004)studied this problem further by exploring how to manage the manufacturing supply chain through the control of supply quality;the study focused on the PRD region of Southern China.Lo et al.(2004)were also able to design a customer-oriented supply chain management model by exploring the interrelationship between customer expectation and operational performance.
However,the published literature on SQM practices in the PRD is scarce and even more so on demand chain management.It seems that some models/guidelines for adopting SQM practices in manufacturing would be useful for all manufacturers operating in the PRD.This is in fact the main purpose of this study:to develop a model,by means of the common measures of performance,which can be used to explain the consequences of a set of cause-and-effect relationships among various SQM practices.The first step was to empirically examine the theories incorporated in SQM.The next stage was to conduct a path analysis in order to explore the empirical strength of these relationships among constructs in SQM practices and the quality performance measures.A path model was then constructed to reveal these relationships and to highlight the current SQM practices in the PRD.Finally,some keynotes were prepared to help companies to implement SQM in the PRD.
Harland et al.(1999)view the concepts of SQM as an integration of strategic practices,and such practices need to stretch across inter-organizational boundaries to satisfy both existing and new customers.In line with this view,Yeung and Lo(2002)view SQM in terms of the managerial efforts necessary for creating an operating environment in which a manufacturer can integrate its supplier capabilities into its operational processes.These managerial efforts can be clustered into five components,namely management responsibility,supplier selection,supplier development,supplier integration and quality measure.In fact,supplier selection,supplier development and supplier integration can be regarded as forming an SQM system,with management responsibility seen as the driver of the system(Fernandez,1995),see Table I for details.
Shin et al.(2000)investigated the impact of SQM on organizational performance,and they concluded that companies could reduce operational costs by improving the quality and delivery performance of the supply functions along the chain of business units.Taking this line of exploration,Yeung and Lo(2002)studied the way Hong Kong manufacturers can improve their quality performance by adopting SQM practices.They found companies can improve their quality performance not only by controlling their internal operations,but also through more effective management of their supply quality.Companies could enhance their performance by adopting the concept of continuous improvement and by establishing cooperative long-term buyer-supplier relationships.While previous studies have demonstrated the impact of SQM on organizational competitiveness across a chain of business units,few studies have investigated SQM practices in the context of the PRD manufacturers.
Jiang and Hansen(2003)showed how supplies from China were able to enhance the competitiveness of a Japan-based electronics manufacturer.Their study demonstrated that manufacturing in China can reduce costs and at the same time improve access to the vast Chinese market.Lo and Yeung(2004)further identified some critical factors for manufacturers,such factors arise when supply networks are formed through the by establishing strategic alliances.Their study was based in the PRD region and they were able to demonstrate that there are some interrelationships between customer expectation and the operational performance of a supply chain.They advise clothing manufacturers to consider customer expectations in formulating their supply chain strategies.However,it seems that these studies do not provide any empirical support for explaining how management practices may help to improve performance in managing the various business units along a demand chain.
In order to estimate path coefficients by using multiple regression analyzes,the proposed path model hypotheses must be formulated.These hypotheses are usually based on the conclusions arrived at and theories developed in previous studies.However,the formulation of hypotheses will prove more difficult when the research area is relatively new,and this where the Delphi method will be most useful in establishing foundations for the study.
Previous studies have confirmed the significance of management responsibility as a driving force in implementing SQM practices(Fernandez,1995).Management responsibility is commonly accepted,even by manufacturers in the PRD,as a fundamental element in implementing total quality management(TQM)values such as customer focus,continuous improvement and total involvement(Lo and Yeung,2004;Yeung and Lo,2002).Management must involve all concerned,including suppliers(Flynn et al.,1994),in a company-wide continuous quality improvement program(Ahire et al.,1996;Anderson et al.,1995).This leads to the first two hypotheses,H1 and H2,which deal with the foundations required for establishing an SQM model based on the TQM values.H1.Total involvement is directly related to customer focus.H2.Continuous improvement is related to customer focus and total involvement,as well as indirectly related to customer focus through the mediating effect of total involvement.Since purchased parts/accessories are a major source of quality problems(Gitlow and Wiesner,1988),many TQM studies have included quality-focus supplier selection in their models(Ahire et al.,1996;Black and Porter,1996).SQM also emphasizes the establishment of a long-term relationship with critical suppliers.Quality-conscious companies therefore tend to emphasize quality rather than cost in supplier selection(Fernandez,1995;Flynn et al.,1994).This leads to the second set of hypotheses.H3.The quality system of supplier is directly related to customer focus,total involvement and continuous improvement,as well as indirectly related to customer focus through the mediating effect of total involvement and continuous improvement.H4.The quality culture of supplier is directly related to customer focus,total involvement and continuous improvement,as well as indirectly related to customer focus through the mediating effect of total involvement and continuous improvement.In addition to quality-conscious supplier selection policies,companies can improve the capabilities of their selected suppliers via supplier development practices(Forker and Hershauer,2000).These practices include effective communications(Forker and Stannack,2000),strategic purchasing strategies(Ahire et al.,1996),and directly assisting suppliers in quality improvement processes(Forker and Stannack,2000).The hypotheses,H5-H7 are aimed at exploring these needs.H5.Effective communication is directly related to quality system of supplier and quality culture of supplier,and is indirectly related to customer focus,total involvement and continuous improvement.H6.Strategic purchasing is directly related to quality system of supplier and quality culture of supplier,and is indirectly related to customer focus,total involvement and continuous improvement.H7.Direct assistance is directly related to quality system of supplier and quality culture of supplier,and is indirectly related to customer focus,total involvement and continuous improvement.SQM practices in supplier selection and supplier development enhance buyer-supplier communications and create an environment of mutual trust(Ellram,1990).After a high degree of trust has been established between a company and its suppliers,the level of cooperation will increase as suppliers become integrated in its operations(Carr and Pearson,1999).Supplier integration here refers to the integration among cooperation and operational strategies(Stuart,1997).This requires a commitment from the buyer to allocate sufficient resources to integration activities(Monczka et al.,1998).Accordingly,the following hypothesis was proposed.H8.Buyer commitment is directly related to effective communication,strategic purchasing and direct assistance,and is indirectly related to quality system of supplier,quality culture of supplier,customer focus,total involvement and continuous improvement.Supplier integration emphasizes maximizing the contribution of suppliers by building long-term buyer-supplier relationship(Ellram,1990).This relationship involves establishing effective communications(Ellram,1990),assisting suppliers with their technical problems(Flynn et al.,1995;González-Benito and Dale,2001),and sharing knowledge and technology with suppliers(Caddick and Dale,1987;Shin et al.,2000).This leads to the formulation:H9.Buyer-supplier relationship is directly related to buyer commitment,effective communication,strategic purchasing,direct assistance,quality system of supplier and quality culture of supplier,and is indirectly related to customer focus,total involvement and continuous improvement.Good buyer-supplier relationships are characterized by the exchange of information and by the joint development of product and technology(Flynn et al.,1995;González-Benito and Dale,2001).Supplier must therefore be competent in handling such joint developments with the buyer and also be able to explore ways to reduce costs(Caddick and Dale,1998).The following hypothesis was formulated for this purpose.H10.Joint development is directly related to buyer-supplier relationship,effective communication,strategic purchasing and direct assistance,and is indirectly related to buyer commitment,quality system of supplier,quality culture of supplier,customer focus,total involvement and continuous improvement.Assisting suppliers in improving their production capabilities through a rigid buyer-supplier relationship contributes to product improvements and organizational efficiency(Carr and Pearson,1999;González-Benito and Dale,2001).Moreover,Ahire et al.(1996)assert that supply quality plays a significant role in organizational quality performance,leading to our last two hypotheses.
H11.Supply quality is directly related to joint development,buyer-supplier relationship,buyer commitment,effective communication,strategic purchasing,direct assistance,quality system of supplier and quality culture of supplier,and is indirectly related to customer focus,total involvement and continuous improvement.
H12.Organizational quality is directly related to supply quality,joint development,buyer-supplier relationship,buyer commitment,effective communication,strategic purchasing and direct assistance,and is indirectly related to quality system of supplier,quality culture of supplier,customer focus,total involvement and continuous improvement.
A questionnaire based on the work of Lo and Yeung(2004);and Yeung and Lo(2002),was used to collect data from the main manufacturers in the PRD.As all potential respondents were Chinese,the questionnaire had to be translated into Chinese.Five experienced practitioners were asked to comment on the questionnaire before it was sent out,and the questionnaire was refined in line with their comments on the ease of comprehension and clarity of specific questions.
Quality has become an essential element in gaining market share in profitable markets,especially for manufactured products that are in good supply.This in turn stimulates interest on how to enhance quality performance.Since manufacturing makes by for the largest economic contribution to the PRD region,it was natural that this study should focus on manufacturing companies.Based mainly on annual sales,570 potential respondents were chosen from a broad cross-section of industries in the PRD area.In order to be able to answer the questionnaire,knowledge of SQM as well as strategic direction of supply policies is required,and so respondents obviously had to be senior managers.In order to encourage potential respondents to participate,a summary of the findings was promised in return.Those who had not returned the questionnaire within the first three weeks were reminded by telephone and encouraged to do so.A total of 138 useful responses were finally received,corresponding to approximately 24 percent of the total.
These responses covered different industries:electronics and electrical products(30 percent),foods and beverage manufacturing(8 percent),toys(7 percent),textiles and garments(7 percent),other manufacturing(24 percent)and manufacturing related(24 percent).Over 56 percent of respondents have implemented the ISO 9000 quality system,and about 25 percent have conducted TQM exercises:quality oriented customer studies,applying the concepts and tools of quality management,and the involvement of all employees in quality improvement.In addition,more than 30 percent of respondents indicated that they had already implemented SQM systems,while 23 percent had implemented supplier development practices.
The data collected was subjected to reliability analysis by evaluating the homogeneity of scale items of the same construct(Hair et al.,1998),commonly measured by Cronbach's Alpha.Table II summarizes Cronbach's Alpha for individual constructs,and shows measures ranging from 0.703 to 0.927;all measures are better than the acceptable level of 0.7(Ahire et al.,1996).Content validity of measures refers to how well the questionnaire has delineated the SQM practices in the PRD manufacturing(Carmines and Zeller,1994;Flynn et al.,1994).Since this questionnaire had been pre-tested and used in other studies(Lo and Yeung,2004;Yeung and Lo,2002),the content validity was not a main concern.
Construct validity refers to how well the results fit the theories around which the questionnaire was constructed(Flynn et al.,1994).Construct validity can be examined by evaluating the unidimensionality of an individual construct(Black and Porter,1996).Individual constructs were therefore separately subjected to a Principal Axis Factoring(PAF)analysis with varimax rotation,see Table II.
The Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin(KMO)measure provides empirical evidence for the appropriateness of the data set in carrying out a PAF analysis(Black and Porter,1996;Hair et al.,1998).KMO measures in this study range from 0.675 to 0.835,see Table II,and are all better than the acceptable level(Ahire et al.,1996;Black and Porter,1996;Hair et al.,1998).The measure of variance accounted for(in percent)is used to ensure the practical significance for the derived factors.The derived factors that account for at least 60 percent of total variance can be considered as satisfactory(Black and Porter,1996),in some cases a figure less than 60 percent is also acceptable(Hair et al.,1998).All measures were able to explain at least 54 percent of total variance,thus ensuring the unidimensionality of individual constructs.
The criterion validity refers to the inter-relationship between the various constructs in SQM practices and the quality measures.These relationships were verified by computing the Pearson correlation coefficients,summarized in Table III.The results show that the SQM constructs examined have statistically significant positive correlations with supply quality and organizational quality,supporting the validity of the measures.
Then,the results were analyzed using a path model.Anderson et al.(1995)state that path analysis can illustrate the correlation of two variables by decomposing it into direct and indirect effects,and so enable a cause-and-effect relationship in managerial practices to be explained using a multivariate path model.Anderson et al.(1995)actually used a path analytic model to verify the interrelationships among different quality management practices.Flynn et al.(1995)in a similar study also used path analytic methods to test the significance of the impact of quality management practices on performance and organizational competitiveness.
二、中文翻译
致谢
本文经历选题、实习、撰写、开题报告、一稿、二稿,至今定稿。在这近半年的时间里,我的导师李老师在百忙之中多次给予我耐心的指导与帮助,并对我的论文写作提出了很多宝贵的意见和指导,使我的论文得到不断的完善。另外,我要感谢经济学院所有老师四年来对我的培养与教育,并在我论文写作过程中给予我的帮助。在此,希望能对尊敬的李老师及上面提到的各位领导、老师表示衷心的感谢,祝愿他们在以后的工作和生活中身体健康、万事如意!
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