《冷血》中社会环境对佩里·史密斯的影响

　　摘要

杜鲁门·卡波特是X当代著名的杰出作家。他的《冷血》享誉欧美文坛，被认为是非虚构小说的扛鼎之作。在这本书中，作者杜鲁门·卡波特着力刻画了主人公佩里·史密斯的不健全心理和社会环境对他的性格，行为造成的影响。本文基于弗洛伊德精神分析理论基础上研究了主人公佩里·史密斯的不健全心理和社会环境对他的性格、行为造成的影响，着重探讨了佩里被压抑的本我以及不完善的超我，社会环境对他造成的影响包括家庭层面的影响以及家庭以外的影响。

通过研究，不难看出佩里强大的本我由于不能满足而处于压抑状态之中；坎坷的成长经历使他的自我没有得以健康发展，而常常处于分裂状态的自我不能很好地遵从超我的命令控制本我，三者的发展不能保持在和谐稳定的状态，社会环境的孤立性使得佩里这个人物充满了悲剧性，最终走向了悲剧的结局。

　　关键词：《冷血》；佩里·史密斯；精神分析理论；人格；社会环境

　　1.Introduction

　　1.1TheStatusofTrumanCapote

TrumanCapoteisadistinguishedwriterinthefieldofAmericancontemporaryliteratureHewasbornonSeptember30,1924,namedoriginallyTrumanStreckfusPersons,inNewOrleans.Capoteexperiencedachildhoodspoiledbyhisparents’divorceandthereforeduringhislifetime,hetriedtogainattentionandcarefromothers.HewassenttolivewithrelativesinMonroeville,Alabama,afterhisparents’divorce.Itwasherethathewouldgetacquaintedwithhislifelongfriend,thewomanwriter,HarperLee.Capoterosetointernationalprominencein1948withthepublicationofhisdebutnovel,OtherVoices,OtherRooms.AmongallhiscelebratedworksareBreakfastatTiffany’s,ATreeofNight,TheGrassHarp,SummerCrossing,AChristmasMemory,andInColdBlood.InColdBloodwaswidelyconsideredasoneofthegreatestbooksofthetwentiethcentury.Capoteisknownastherepresentativeofnewjournalismandtheearliestfounderaswell.HeistheacademicianofNationalInstituteofLiteratureandArt,andisawardedO.HenryPrizein1946,1947,1951respectivelyandtheprizeofNationalInstituteofLiteratureandArt.Hepublished14full-lengthnovelswithdistinctivestyleandabundantconnotationandcouplesofshortstories,biographyandliterarytheory,andthenonfictionestablishesadistinctivestatus.

InColdBlood,BreakfastatTiffany’setc.workscreatedbyCapotenotonlyoccupyanindispensablepartintheAmericanliterature,butwereadaptedforthescreen.CapoteisthemoviebasedonInColdBlood.Theleadingmen,PhilipSeymourHoffman,wontheOscarforBestActorin2005.Inthesameyear,thisfilmgotthetopofthelistofNationalFilmCriticsAssociation.

BeforeInColdBlood’spublication,Capotehadmadeseveralsuccessfulattemptstocombinethetwodifferentwritingstylesbetweenjournalisticreportandliterarynarrative.Onewasanimpressionisticreport,entitledTheMusesareHeard,whichtoldatourofGershwinmusicalPorgyandBessinSovietRussia.AnotherwasaportraitofMarlonBrandointhefirstperson.Neitherofthetwowaspurelyjournalistic,yetbothenhancedCapote’senthusiasmfornonfiction,anenthusiasmleadinghimtotheCluttercase.WiththepublicationofInColdBlood,Capotereachedthepeakofhiswritingcareer.Capotebecameaconspicuouspioneerofnonfictionwrittenwiththetechniquesoffiction.Thenotionofnonfictionmadeagreatstiratthattime.Thenlater,thisgeneraltypeofwritingbegantobecalledvariouslynewjournalism,literarynonfictionorcreativenonfiction.

InColdBloodisTrumanCapote’sperfectreconstructionofamurder,inwhicha

Kansasfamilyisslainintheyearof1959.Inthisnovel,therelationsofhuman’sdevelopmentandenvironmentisputontotable.Inordertoreaptheexpectedrewardoffame,Capotemakescomprehensivestudiesandinvestigationsaboutthekillingsandthenanalyzesthismurderaccordingtothematerials.

　　1.2TheIntroductionofInColdBloodandItsInfluence

InColdBloodisaboutamurderthatshocksthewholeAmerica.ItistruethatCapoteachievessuccesswithhisearlierfictionalworksincludinghisdebutwork–OtherVoices,OtherRooms,andthenovelette–BreakfastatTiffany’sandsomeshortstories.However,thereisnodoubtthatCapote’sfameasawriterwouldbegravelyfadedwithoutInColdBlood.

InColdBloodisakindofdocumentarywritingthatastoundsthewholeAmerica.Itisdividedintofourparts:TheLasttoSeeThemAlive,PersonUnknown,AnswerandTheCorner.Inthebook,elaborateeffortsaremadetoexploretheessenceofthecase.Themotivationofthetwomurders,PerryandDick,isambiguous.SupposedtheykilltheCluttersformoney,atthebeginningoftheirconspiracy,theyarenotsurewhethertheClutterslivinginKansashaveasafeornot.EventhoughMr.Clutterdoeshaveasafe,theydon’tknowthathowmuchmoneyisinthesafe.Later,theysearchthehousejustfindingoutlessthan50dollars.Fewkillerscommitcrimesforalittlemoney.Iftheydoitforlust,thedeceased’sdaughterisn’tprovedsufferinghumiliation.Neither,theydon’tmakeacquaintancewiththeClutters,letaloneforrevenging.ThetwomurderskillthefourmembersoftheCluttersnotformoney,lustorrevengingonthepremisethatwithoutconspicuousmotivation,whichisreallyhorrendous.Finally,Thetwomurderersarecaughtandhang.

It’sjustasdramaticasacreatingprocess.In1959,arealmurdertakingplaceinthemidKansaappealedCapote‘sintensiveinterest.InasmallvillagenamedColcom,twoyoungmenbrokeintotheClutters’(thattheydidn’tknowbefore)houseandslewthefourmembers.CapoteinvitedHarperLee,hischildhoodfriend,afamouswomanwriter,tospendsixyearstoinvestigatepersonsoneverylevelinvolvedinthecaseandmadeaboutmorethan6,000pagesnotes.Duringthisperiod,heoftencommunicatedsecretlywithPerry,oneofthemurderers,whowassentencedtobehanged.TheirconversationsenabledCapotetohaveadeepunderstandingofPerry’stragiclivingcondition,especiallytheirsimilarchildhood,theywerebothabandonedbytheirparents,whicharousedCapote’sgushofsympathy.Atlast,hewitnessedPerry’shanging,whobecamethemostpersonalandpitifulcharacter.InColdBloodwaspublishedaftersix-yearobtaininginformationandcarefulcrafting,anditbecameabestseller.Capotecreatedanewdocumentaryliterature—nonfiction,andhisworkwasreadableandwithafeatureoftimeliness,andpresentedgreatliteraturevaluethatshockedthewholeAmerica.Atthesametime,thisbookwasinvolvedinthecriminalpsychologyandthecustomsintheMidwestofAmerica.

InColdBloodisoneofthemasterpiecesofTrumanCapote,itsappearancemarksthebirthofnonfiction.Ithasbecomeagreatcommercialandliterarysuccesssinceitispublished,whichlaysafirmpositioninrepublicoflettersforCapote.Sixmonthsafteritspublication,600thousanditshardcoveraresoldout,“People,varietyofgradesandtastesarereadingInColdBlood,everyoneisabsorbedinit……itisthemostperfectbookonAmericacriminalevents”(NewYorkTimes)Itistranslatedinto25languagesandisingreatdemandglobally,anditcausesa“artisticcommotion”bothintheliteraryarenaofAmericaandallovertheworld.NewYorkTimesReviewsaysInColdBloodis,thebookwonreaders’admirationfortheskillsofcombinationofjourneyandnovel.Capoteinitiatetheliterarykindof“realcrime”,whichisregardedasthemilestoneofmassculture.

　　1.3 Research Status at home and abroad

GreatandabundantresearchresultsofCapotehavebeengainedabroad.Atpresent,inNewYorkPublicLibrary,thereisaspeciallistof“TrumanCapote’scollectionseries”inhumanitiesandsocialscience,thosearetheimportantinterviewmaterialthatCapotehascollectedforsixyearsincludingpressedpaper,artistic,letters,recordings,severalnotes.

Insummery,theresearchonInColdBloodlaunchesabroadearlierthanhome,theamountismore,andtheperspectiveismorenovelandverified.

Theresearchontheauthorbeganintheendof20thcentury,amongtheresearchers,Prof.ZhangSuzhenisthecomparativekeyperson.HerResearchontheArtofTrumanCapote’sNovelspublishedin1997istheonlymonographonCapotetillnow.ItdividesCapote’sliterarycreationstageintofourparts,andmakesasummeryandcommentsonthethesisofrepresentativework,styleoflanguage,writingtechniques,whichlaysafirmfoundationforlatterresearchonCapoteandhisworks.Inaddition,shepublishedInColdBlood:TheClassicsofNewJournalismrespectivelyin2002,2003.

Atpresent,afewpeoplestudythesocialenvironmentalinfluenceonthemurdererPerryfromthepsychoanalyticcriticism.Thispaperpointsoutthatthehouseholdreasonsandsocialenvironment’splayvitalrolesinone’scharacteristic,behaviorandevenself-developmentbyanalyzingPerrySmithindepthpsychologicallyfromFreud’sdepthpsychology.

　　2.TheIntroductionofTheoryandCoreConcept

Freud‘stheoryofdepthpsychologyistheveryearliesthugetheoryofhumanpsychology,whichdeeplyandtheoreticallycontainscompletelyplentyofimportanttheories.Thepapercontainspsychologicalstructuretheoryandpersonalitystructuretheory,aimingfordissectingPerryviathetwotheories.Atthesametime,PerryisamemberofAmericasociety.Underthepressureofsocietyandreality,Perry’sdissociatedpersonalityisanextremelyrepresentative,withcertaintragedy.Thus,thepaperstatesthebasicconceptandtheenvironmentalinfluenceonhim.

　　2.1FreudPsychoanalyticTheory

SigmundFreud(1856-1939)isapsychiatristandpsychologist,hededicateshislifetopsychologyandliterature.Freud‘stheoryofdepthpsychologyistheveryearliesthugetheory,containscompletelyplentyofimportantanthropologytheorieswhichhavegreatpositiveimplicationsforthefutureacademicresearch.

2.1.1PsychologicalStructureTheory

AsfarasFreudisconcerned,human’sintellectuallifecanbedividedintothreerespects:unconsciousness(alsocalledsubconsciousness),pre-consciousnessandconsciousness,andthethreeelementsareinthedeepstructure,middlestructureandsurfacestructurerespectively,andtheyareinterrelatedandrestrictedwitheachother.Consciousnessisthepsychologicalelementthatiscapabletoperceiveandcognize,whichreceiveandexpressinformationbysensoryorgan.Itconnectsman’snatureandexternal,includingalltheinformation,conceptsandfeelingsthatweapperceive.Sub-consciousnessisthepartthatpeoplecan’tcognizeorhaven’tcognizedyet,andalsoisthementalactivityprocessthathasoccurredandwillnotreachthestateofconsciousness.Pre-consciousnessisthemarginalpartbetweenconsciousnessandunconsciousness,andittendstotransformintoconsciousness,althoughtemporary.Unconsciousnessappearsinthedeepestpsychologicallevel,whichishardtobeperceivedandcognized.Itisoftenmanifestedasveryoftenasblindimpulses,animalinstinctandthepresseddesire.Pre-consciousnessandunconsciousnessbelongtosub-consciousness,intheconditionofcombatofconsciousness.Amongthosetheories,Freud’sunconsciousnesstheorypaveswayforthepsychologicalresearch,andalsolaysafirmfoundationforpsychoanalytictheory.

2.1.2StructureTheoryofPersonality

In1923,Freudpublisheshisthesis–TheEgoandtheId .Inthepaper,heconstructscompletelystructuraltheoryofpersonalityonthebasisofconsciousnesstheoryandsexualinstincttheory.Heholdsthathumanpersonalityconsistsofid,egoandsuperego.InNewIntroductoryLecturesonPsycho-Analysispublishedin1933,provesthatthegeneticinstinctandbasicdesirearenotboundedbymoralidea,socialcustoms,logicalreasonandexternalfactors.Thegeneticinstinctandbasicwillsatisfyitsinstinctdesirefollowinghappyprinciple,andtheonlyneedistosatisfyoneselfatanyexpense.Inotherwords，theonlyfunctionofidistogivefullventtoexcitationcausedfrominnerorexternalassoonaspossible,whichisthemostessentialprincipleofachieveone’slife.

Id,egoandsuperegoarenotirrelevantsolitarilywitheachother,butperformfunctionandcontradiction.Idisprovedtobetheproductofhuman‘sevolution,whichrepresentspsychologicalprocessinthehumannature.Ego,theproductionofhumanactivitiesandobjectiveexistence,isapsychologicalprocesssuperiortoid.​[1]​Superegocomesfromsociallife,expressingsociallymoralidealityandculturaltradition.Thethreeplayvitalrolesinthewholelifetogether,astheyaretheconstituentpartsofpsychologicalstructure.Humancharacteristicstendtodevelophealthilywhenthethreearekeptinbalance.Otherwise,theywillbeinvolvedintheconditionofcontradiction,whichcauseshumanmentalsicknessindifferentdegreesandleadstosplitpersonalitywhenthethreeelementsarenotkeptinbalancedevelopseverely.Egoistheproductofsociety,Freudholdsthat,withalogicandreason,egoistheonlypartthatbelongstoconsciousness,andhastheabilityoforganization,judgmentandcomprehensive.Itobeys”realityprinciple”,whichperformsafunctionamongegoandexternal,desireandsatisfaction.Egocancontrolandleadidaccordingtotheneedsfromexternalworld,whichenablespeopletomaintainnormalandlegallife.Itsearchesforthemethodtosatisfydesireinthepremiseofobeyingsocialcodeofethicsandlaworder, andensuresthatthesatisfactionofdesireisinaccordancewithsocialnorm.Thefunctionofegoistoadjust”theoppositecontradictionbetweenrealitywithpsychologyandinnerwithexternal.“

Superegoisthemarkofpersonalityinmoral,whichchasesforperfectandidealisminsteadofpremordialenjoymentorrealitywiththesymboloftaboo,moral,thenormandstandardofethic,andreligiouscreed.Superegoincludesegoandconscience.Selfidealityisthesocialnormandstandardundertheinfluenceofparentsandteacherswhileconscienceisthefeelingofguiltyandcrimeafterviolatingmoralnorm.Superego’smajorfunctionistoinstructegotoadjustid’simpulse,andcorrectthebehaviorofdervergingandviolatingnormandstandardofethicviafeelingsofguiltyandcrimecontinuously,andmakepeoplebecomethemembersoflegalcitizens.

　　3.AnalysisofPerrySmith’sPersonalityStructure

In​[2]​ColdBloodtellsarealmurder.ItisPerrywhoslayscruellythefourmembersoftheClutters.TheauthordescribesPerrySmithatlength.ThispartwillanalyzePerrySmith’spersonalityaccordingtoFreud’stheoriesofPsychologicalstructureandpersonalitystructure,tostatehowPerrydevelopspersonalitysplitanddissectcriminalmentalityandmotivation.

　　3.1Perry’sDepressiveId

Id,thesummationofhumanvariousinstincts,isinthedeepestunconsciousnessfield.Itincludesnaturallysexualdrivingforceanddepressiveunconsciousinclination,whichreflectsone’sinnerworldbeforerealselfisexposed.Itadherestotheprincipleofenjoyment,aimingtopushpeopletochaseforpleasureandsatisfactionwhileescapefrompain.Comparedwithmaterialsatisfaction,whatPerryregardsasmostimportantisthedesireforemotion.Theformeroneiseasytobemet,butthelatterishardtobefilledwith.Theemotionaldesireisstrong,butitisunderthepressureofPerry’sidandexternalworldandishiddeninthedepthofPerry’sheart.

3.1.1.TheDesireforCarefromtheFamily

Childrenarebornwiththewishtobelovedbywarmfamily.Perryisnotanexception.Nevertheless,hismotherabandonsherself,whichdrivesPerryintodespairandaverseness.Exceptheinheritsmother’sappearancecompletely,”hismotherhadbeenafull-bloodedCherokee;itwasfromherthathehadinheritedhiscoloring–theiodineskin,thedark,moisteyes,theblackhair,“(Capote14)Perryisalmostreluctanttothinkofhismother,excepthelooksintomirrorandseestheverysimilarfacetohismother.Hence,hewishestotransferthedesireforaffectiontohisfather.Althoughtheygetalongwellwitheachother,theyalwaysquarrelsendlesssofiercelythathisfatherthreatenstoturnhimout.

Perryhasalwaysbeenattachedtoand entertainedgreatexpectationofhisfather.Attheageofsixteen,heleaveshisfathertoworkasasailorforthefirsttimeaftertheyhaveaflamingrowwitheachother.WhenPerrypreparesforthedutyinNorthKorean,Perryandhisfatherbecomereconciled.Athisfather’calling,herushestobuildTrappersDenDodgetogetherwithhisfather.Afterjoiningupwitheachother, theymakeconcertedeffortstobuildthecabin.Beyondtheirexpectation,theydon’tmakeagoodfortune,thentheybegintoreproachandengageinbrawlsagain.Thehardshipoftheeconomyevenmakesthetwomenquarreloverabiscuit,andtheresultisstillthatthefatherdriveshimout.Butwhenheissentencedtodeath,hisfatherandtheonlysisterevendoesn’tgotovisithim,andwhenPerrygetstoknowthathisfatheriscomingtotheprison, hedropstheideathatheplanstogoonahungerstrike,butthefatherdoesnotappearintheend.Dick,anacquaintanceofPerry,mentionsthatPerryalwayscryinhisdream,”Dad,Ibeenlookingeverywhere,Dad,whereyoubeen,Dad?”(Capote104)Thecryforfatherinthedreamembodiedanoriginaldesire,anaffectionforfather.ThereisalwaysnoresponseforthechasingfamilyaffectioninPerry’slife.eventheindifferencefromhisfamilymembershurtshisfeelingbadly.Thestrongandnegativeemotion,buriedinhisheart,turnstoanangerwithpeoplearound.

3.1.2Thedesireforunderstandingfromfriends

AlthoughPerryoftenstaysaloneandfindsitdifficulttoopenhisownheart,heiseagertobeunderstoodandaccompanied.Hewantstosharehisinnerworldwithpeople,butheworriesaboutthathemaybemisunderstoodevenbetrayed.ForPerry,heisverysensitive,alwayssuspectsothersthatotherswoulddiscriminateandtreathimunfairly.Inaddition,hethinksthatotherswon’tunderstandhim.Sohehasfewclosedfriends.Onceapersonisregardedashisfriend,hewilltrustinhimcompletely,evenignoretheman’sshortcoming.Amongthoseimportantpeople,whohasalonglastinginfluenceonhim,isWillie-Jay.

Willie-JayisPerry’sprisonfriend.Inhisprisonlife,heoftentriestoinfluencePerrywithreligion,however,Perry’sresistanceforreligionissurprisingtoWillie-JaywhofailstoreclaimPerry.Hegetsparole,andleavesprisonfirst,beforehisdepartingfromtheprisons,Williewritesafarewelllettertohim.Inthelastparagraph,hesays,”Youareamanofextremepassion,ahungrymannotquitesurewherehisappetitelies,adeeplyfrustratedmanstrivingtoprojecthisindividualityagainstabackdropofrigidconformity.”(Capote42)AsfarasWillie-Jayisconcerned,Perryhasagreatgiftforpainting.Perry’s“extremepassion”isusedtopaintwhathelikes,althoughheisnotconvincedofGod,hecouldproducealarge,technicalportraitofJesusExceptforpayingattentiontoPerry’sgiftforart,Willie-JayalsounderstandPerry’smentality.InthelettertoPerry,hesays,“Youexistinahalf-worldsuspendedbetweentwosuperstructures,oneself-expressionandtheotherself-destruction.”(Capote42)OnPerry’swanderings,hepresentshistalentformusicandpainting.Exceptforthesemethods,healmosthasnowaytoexpresshisfeelingandemotionalneeds.However,hisworkscan’tbeunderstoodwhicharousesmoreloneliness.Dick,hiscompanion,doesn’tknowhislyricsandalwaysinterpretthelyricsbycommonsenseratherthanliteralimagination.WhenDickfirsthearsthe“Parrot’sSong”,hesays,”Parrotsdon’tsing.Talk,maybe.”(Capote14)Everyday,Perry’saccompaniedbythefriendwhohasnocomprehensiontomusicandpoetry,atotallypragmaticman,whichmakesPerryfeelthathehasnorealfriendtosharehisemotion.Perry’s“self-destruction”isillustratedbyhisideaofcommittingsuicide.Perrywantstokillhimselfeveninhischildhood,andwhenhislifeslipsinroughcondition,hecan’tseeagoodfutureandhislookingforwardto“hotislands”,”fire-blueseas”aregone.(Capote196)

Perryisn’tangrywiththepreachingoftheletter,orapproveofit,either.Instead,hebecomesthemaleheroofwhatJaysays.Inhisview,exceptforWillie-Jay,thereisnoonecaringforhim.

Heaskhimselfinhismind,”whohadevergivenadamnabouthim?”However,theauthorthinksthat“NooneelseexceptforWillie-Jayhimself.AndonlyWillie-Jayrecognizedhisworth,hispotentialities,ashesawhimself-exceptional,rare,artistic.(Capote43)StayingwithWillie-Jay,hisvanityhadfoundsupport,hissensibilityshelter,andthefour-mouthexilefromthishigh-caratappreciationhadmadeitmorealluringthananydreamofburiedgold.PerrysatisfiedWillie-Jay’svanity,andhissensitivityisprotectedbyWillie-Jay.Inthelifeoutofprison,the“acknowledgement”becomemoreandmoreimportant,thenhedecidestoseekforWillie-Jay.

3.1.3TheDesireforRespectfromArt

Somepeoplearebornwithacertaintalent,andPerrythinksheisoneofthepeople.Helovesmusic,handwriting,literatureandadherestoengageinliteratureandart.Perryhasagiftformusic,forhecanplayguitarandharmonica.Heisquickatpickingupthings.Duringhisvagrantlife,heoftensingswhileplayinghisguitar.Hecansingtwohundredhymnsandballads.Perryplaysmusicfrequently.withtheaidofguitar,Perryhassunghimselfintoahappierhumor.

Althoughheisnoteducated,helovesreadingandhasanelegantwriting.Nevertheless,histalentsarenotrecognizedbyothersforcertainreasons.First,hisfatherisindifferenttohismusicaltalent.DickalwaysregardsPerry’sguitarasanencumbranceontheirwanderings.Perry’sdesireformusiccan’tbesatisfied.Perrychaseforart,foronething,hereallyloveit,fortheotherthing,hewantstoearnpeople’srespect.Hewishestoacquirethesocialstatusandselfsatisfactionbyothers’acknowledgementtohistalent.Itisoneofhisoriginalsongs.

EveryAprilFlightsofparrots

Flyoverhead,redandgreen,

Greenandtangerine.

Iseethemfly,Ihearthemhigh,

SingingparrotsbringingAprilspring(Capote14)

Inthelightofthelyrics,thereadercandrawaconclusionthatPerryisanadultwithchildishspirit,andhehasabrilliantmindandtalent.Hedoesn’treceiveeducation,becausehisfatherwantshimtolearnnothingbuttologandcarrythingsforhim.That’swhathisfatherwantshimtobe.Buthissister,Barbaragoestoschool,hisbrotherJimmyandFernallreceiveeducation,exceptforPerry.TheunfairnessofeducationtriggersPerry’shatredtowardsBarbaraandhisfather,andhisdiscontentmentextendstoeverybody. Hence, lackingofnormaleducationhauntshim.Atthelasttime,PerrymeetswithBarbara,afterheavydrinking,hecomplainsthathisfatherdoesn’tunderstandhimandappreciatehistalent. Hedoesn’tfinishschool,whichtriggershimtobejealousofotherthreesiblings’education.Inthelightofthesewordsabove,thereadercoulddrawaconclusionthatPerryseemstothinkthatifhecouldcontinuetoschool,hemayexcisehisgeniusandmakedifferenceinhislife.Heharborsgrudgeagainsthisfatherforhisignorance.Finally,heaccomplisheshighschoolthathasbeendisruptedwhileinprisonsentences.HeisgivenhighschooldiplomabyLevinworthcountyeducationalcommittee.Perrykeepsitwithhimtillhishanging.

　　3.2Perry’sImperfectSuperego

Superego,apartofinnerego,developsfromego,ispartofinnerego.Itissomeresultsofstandardstodifferentiatebetweengoodandevilofparents.Superego,contrarytoid,iscultivated.Tobespecific,itisthestructureformedbyparents’andteachers’instructionsandconstraints,Itactsonpeople’sinnerworldintermsofthecultivationandacquirementsofsocialbehaviorandistherepresentativeofinnerworld.Kidsarenotbornwithpreciseethicalideal,withouttheabilitytorestrainthechasingforhappinessprinciple.Hence,itisvitalforparentstoinstructchildrenanddeveloptheirsuperego.Ontheonehand, itisthesymboloflove;ontheotherhand ,theparentstakethreateningpunishmenttomanageyoungchildren.Theymustbeafraidofbeingpunishedandthisisthebeginningofrecognizingmoral.Astheexternalrestraint’sinternalization,childrenformmoralstandardintheirmindsaccordingtolongtimeaccumulatedexperienceofrewardandpunishment.Thus,theyformegoideal.

Perry’schildhoodismarkedbybrutalityandlackofconcernonthepartofparents.”Heseemstohavegrownupwithoutdirection,withoutlove,andwithouteverhavingabsorbedandfixedsenseofmoralvalues…”(Capote289)Perry’searlylifeispreciousforhim.Whenhisfamilyisn’tbroken,hislifeisfullofapplauseandenjoyment.Hisparentsmeetatthewesternrodeocircuitandthengetmarried.Beforefiveyearsold,“Tex&Flo“(Capote127),thecouplehasplayedmanyrodeos.Thesedaysgowithlaughterandtears.Wheninpoverty,sixmembersoftheirfamilyliveinausedtrack,whomakelivingsbyporridge,cookiesandcondensedmilk.However,itistheeaglebrandcondensedmilkthatdamagesPerry’skidney,isthechiefcauseofhiswettingthebed.Butparentsshowandbringchildrenmuchpleasure.

3.2.1FailedtoDistinguishbetweenGoodandEvil

Perrylacksoftheabilitytodistinguishgoodandevil.Mostofhischildhoodisleftunattended,inhislastautobiographyinthetrial,hewrites,”InFriscoIwascontinuouslyintrouble.IHadstartedrunwithagang…Mymother…neverinafitconditiontoproperlyprovideandcareforus.Irunasfree&wildasacoyote.Therewasnoruleordiscipline,oranyonetoshoemerightfromwrong.Icame&wentasIpleases-.”(Capote266)

Animalexistbyinstinct,whilehumansocialitydistinguishthemselvesfromotheranimals,sohumanbehaviorsneedtobestandardizedandconstrainedbysocialnormandmorality.Bytheperiod,noonetakescareofPerry,thusheisnotguidedrightlytounderstandsocialnormandmorality.Sointheprocessofgrowth,hedoesn’tformhealthyegoidealtoregularizehisbehavior,northeabilitytodistinguishbetweengoodandevil,letalonecorrectinghiswrongdeedswithfeelingsofguiltandcrimefromconscience.Adolescenceisakeyperiodtoformaworldoutlook,moralbeliefandvalueorientationsystemgradually.Thereisahighportionofteenagercriminalthattheperiodlacksofattentionandleftuneducatedwhichemphasizesthe importanceofparents’roleintheformationofchildren’sego.

　　4.InfluenceofSocialEnvironmentonPerry

Environmentreferstotheexternalworldaroundpeoplethatexertsinfluencespontaneously.Itincludesnaturalenvironmentandsocialenvironment.Theformerhascertaininfluenceonhumandevelopment,buthumanarethesumtotalofallthesocialrelationships, thussocialenvironmenthasamajorimpactonhumandevelopment.Familyeconomicstatusrestrictparents’devotionofenergyandmoneytochildren.Theeducationallevelofparentshasdirecteffectonchildren’sdevelopment.Perry’sparentsareequestrianperformers,theyreceivedlittleeducationduringTheGreatDepression,thus,hisparentshavenobeneficialvaluestoinculcateintothemindoftheirson.LackingofadequateparentalcontrolcausesPerry’sfreeandundisciplinedcharacter.”Icame&wentasIpleases,untilmyfirstencounterwithTrouble.Iwasin&outofDetentionHomesmanytimesforrunningawayfromhome&stealing.”(Capote267)Perryonceleadsahappyandrespectfullife.Hehasaseriouscaraccident,anditcostshimhalfayeartostayinhospital.Afterhistherapiesoutofhospital,helivesinaforestcabinthatbuildbyanIndiancouple.Heteachesthecouple’ssontodrawandplayinstrument.Buttheonlytimefliessorapidlythathecan’taffordtoenjoytheonlyrespectedtimesinhislife.

　　4.1InfluenceofFamilyonPerry

Familyplaysanindispensableroleinchildren’sgrowth,andtheimpactoffamilyaccompanies a person’s lifetime.Hismother’sself-abandonmentleaveshimisolation.Hisfatherseemsindifferenttohim,evenhisclosedeldersisteralsodriftsapartinhisgrowthandshedoesn’tenlightenhiminconfusion.Thefamilydoesn’tprovidethecorrespondingwarmnessandcare,whichurgeshimtowander aroundwithoutharborthathecoulddependon.

Familyisreferredtoasthebasiccellofsociety,whichservesthefunctionofthemoralmonitorofindividuals,theremissionofcontradiction,andthefirsteducatorofcitizens.However,aftertheWorldWarII,thetraditionalAmericanfamilyhasbeendisintegrated,remainingindividualsastheunitofmodernsociety.Itisindispensableforsocietytofunctionasestablishingtheharmoniousbridgebetweenpeople,whichusedtobeaccomplishedbyfamilyintheearlystageofone’slife.Meanwhile,theAmericansocietywitnessedtheboomingofeconomy,acceleratingmorerelationsbetweenpeopletaketheformofcommodityexchangeormoney.Thistendencyevenpermeatedintofamilies,whichwasembodiedbyestrangementbetweenfamilymembers.InInColdBlood,estrangementistypicalintheSmithfamily.Homewithoutwarmthandhappyharbor,possiblybecomesthefoundationforfuturesocialunrest.

4.1.1ASelf-abandonedMother—leadstoPerry’salienationtowomen

Mothersgetpregnantfortenmonths,soinfantisalwaysbornwithprofoundfeelingswithmother.However,Perryisunluckyandgrowupwithoutmother’swarmlove.Beforefiveyearsold,Perryadmireshismother.Perry’smotherisfullofcharmforshehasslimfigureandbeautifullookandisabletoperformcomplicateddressagemovements.However,whentheysettledown,everythingchanges.Atthattime,AmericaisinGreatDepression,becauseofthetoughlife,hisparentsquarrelaboutendlessly.Hismotherisobsessedwithalcohol,andcarriesonaclandestineloveaffairwithothers.Intheend,Perry’sparentsgetdivorced.Although,motherbringsthefourchildren,shedoesn’tloveortakecareofthem,instead,sheallowsthemtogrowunchecked,andsheherselfiswalkingaroundalcoholandaffairs,andescapingfromthereality.Researchshowsthat“mother’snegativebehaviorleadstoboy’spoorcommunicationandcompulsivebehaviorintheprocessofeducatingchildren”(HouYuzhang279)Tosomeextent,hismother’saffairscastshadowinhisheart,whichdirectlyinfluencesonhisviewsoffemaleandsex.Inhismind,hethinks,”Nevada?IrecallveryodiousepisodebetweenmymotherandNegro.”(Capote226)and“Iremembermymotherwas‘entertaining’somesailorswhenmyfatherwasaway”(Capote265)Sexisthemostprimitivedesireofhumanbeing,anditseemsthathethinksthatPerrythinkssexisasickthingandhedoesn’thaveastrongerotic impulse.Exceptforsex, hedoesn’tevenhaveanintimaterelationshipwithotherwomeninhislife.Becauseofhishatredtohismother,heisnotabletogetwellwithwomenandalsoreluctanttocommunicatewithwomen.Itisasymbolofabadcommunication–notgoodatgettingalongwiththeoppositesex.Theonlywomanwhohealmostmarryisanursecalled“littlecookie”,unfortunately,theygetdepartintheend.Interpersonalcommunicationamongtheoppositesexmatesisindispensableforpeople.Varioussociallevelshasoppositesexposition,ifonecan’tmaintaincontactswiththeoppositesex,heorshewillnotdevelophealthily.Perry’shatredtosexisthereasonforhispreventingDicktohumiliatetheMr.Clutter’sdaughter.

4.1.2AnIndifferentFather—leadstoambivalenceandtendencyofviolence

Perryhasanintricateemotional bond to hisfather,astobeputinhisautobiography,Hisattachmenttohisfatherandhisfather’sindifferencepushhimtoformambivalence”Ilovemyfather,butthereweretimeswhenthisloveandaffectionIhadforhimdrainedfrommyheartlikewastedwater.Wheneverhewouldnottrytounderstandmyproblems.Givemealittleconsideration&voice&responsibility.Ihadtogetawayfromhim.” (Capote267)Afterhisparents’divorce,Perryisalwaysthinkingofhisfatherandwishingthathecouldtakehimawaybecausehismotheralwaysleaveshimalone.However,hisfathermerelytellshimtobegoodandgoesawayafterhugginghim.Beingabandonedisthebeginningofthedisappointmentandthisfeelingstretchesasheagesbecausehenevergainsadequatecarefromhisfather.Theyarebothnotgoodatcommunicatingwitheachother.Asamatteroffact,Perry’sfatherdoeslovehim,atleastwhenPerryisyoung.Heconteststhedivorceandisgrantedfullcustodyofhisfourchildren,heonlytakesPerryhomeandleavesotherchildrenatwelfarehomes.WhenPerryisinprison,hisfatherjustsendsapostcardtohim.Afterreadingit,Perrytearsupitintopieces.Althoughhisfatherknowstheprison’saddress,tillPerryiskilledbyhanging,hedoesn’tcomeorvisithim.Alltheseupsetexperiencefurtherintensifyhisdisappointmenttohisfather.

Althoughatthebeginningofbrokenfamily,Perryisbroughtupbyhismother.Unfortunately,hefeels absolutely dreadful about what hismotherhas done:excessivedrinking，promiscuous sex. ,untidylooking.Thus,inthefirstthreeyears,healwaysgoesouttohisfatherforshelter,wishingtolivewithhisfather.Finally,hisfathergains custody of the fourchildren,forhissheerpoverty,hesendsotherthreechildrentochildren’swelfarehouse,onlyleavingPerryalongwithhim.Inseveralyears,Perryenjoyslifewithfatherwhoconvertsacaravanbywhichtheywanderaround.Duringthetramp,Perrypicksupmanypracticalskillsfromfathersuchasdigginggold,hunting, skinninga bear,makingtricktohuntwolfanddeerandsoon.However,asheages,trivialincident has aroused much resentmentgraduallybetween them.Heperceivesthathisfatherdoesn’tcareforhim,norunderstandhim,andhehasagiftformanyfieldsdoesn’tarousehisfather’sappreciation.Afteraseriousquarreling,Perrygoestorecruitajobasasailor.Intheexperienceofworking on a boatandservinginthearmy,they are reconciled with each other andbuild“TrappersDenDodge”.(Capote67)Onhiswaytoseehisfather,hismotorcycleisskiddingandspilling in dust.Ittakeshimhalfayeartoacceptoperationandmedicalcare.Perryhasbeenthinkingofhisfatherwhoiswaitingforhim.Therefore,hesetsouttofindhisfatherbeforehisleg’srecovery.Whentheymeetwitheachother,theybuildacabintoattractvisitors.Outofhisfather’sexpectation,theydoesn’tgetrich.Thentheyblameeachotherandenterintoconflict.Itseemsthatthefactfollowshislifethat hisfamilyisinaharmonious conditionwhenheisouttohangout;everytimehesettlesin,familymembersalwaysaggravate the dispute.Atlast,heisshutoutbyhisfather.

Asforhisfather’seducatingmethod,apassagecanexplainit.Thereisacompositionentitled‘AHistoryofMyBoy’amongPerry’sprivatetreasure.Itisapassagesenttoprisonthataimsforhelpinghissontograntbail,whichmentionsPerry’seducationalproblem,”hewasshortandanewkidinschooltheytrytomistreathim.Theyfoundhimwillingtofightforhisrights.ThatwasthewayIraisedmykids.Ialwaystoldthemdon’tstartafight,ifyoudo,I’llgiveyouabeatenwhenIfindout.Butiftheotherkidsstartafight,doyourbest.”(Capote123)Solvingproblemswithviolencewillexertanegativeimpactonchildren.InPerry’sautobiography,herecalls,”Whenhecamehome,afightensured,andmyfather,afteraviolentstruggle,thenthesailorsout&proceededtobeatmymother.’’(Capote265)Thedirectconsequencesisthat“Iwasfrightfullyscared,infactalluschildrenwereterrified.Crying.”(Capote266)Perryisscaredbecauseheguessesthathisfatherisgoingtobeathim,too.ThelittlePerrywitnessesthathismotherisbeatenbyfather.Heistooyoungtounderstandwhyhebeatsmother.But,theprocessofhismotherandothermen’saffairissoimpressivewithPerry.Ambiguously,he“feltshemusthavedonesomethingdreadfullywrong…”(Capote265-66)Indeed,thiskindofpunishmentregulateschildren’sbehaviortosomeextent,yetthenegativeinfluencebecomesaquestioncannotbeneglected.Domesticviolenceisofgreatimportance,hasinevitabledirectimpactontheformationofchildren’spersonality,eithercowardorviolent.Afterseveral-year-hatred-restraining,Perryfinallyeruptstheviolentsideoutofhisinnerpersonality.

Hisfatherisfullofmasculinity,integrity and calm braveryandhastheabilitytoliveinthewildwhilehischaracter flawsspellhimaweirdoandloner.Thefatheristhepersonwhoaffectshimmostlydeeply.Bothofthemarefondofdrinking,gettingacquaintancewithuprightpeople,comingandgoingfreelyandendeavortosupportthemselves.Theysharethesimilaremotionexperience,insensitiveandvulnerable.Althoughlackingofsystematiceducation,hehasagoodabilitytolearnbyhimself.Allinall,theflawofhisfather’scharacterisbondtohisarchaic educationalmethodtowardsPerry.Inaddition,theuseofviolenceenableshimtoformawrongandextremecognitioninhissuperego.ItseemsthateverythingisharmfultoPerry’sgrowth.Suchkindofparentsonlygivebirthtochildrenbutnevereducatethem,theycouldnotdevelopchildrenwithsanepersonality.Livinginsuchakindoffamily,Perryisalmostunlikelytobeahealthysociablecitizen.Obviously,Perrylacksoffamily’swarmthandparents’careduringhischildhood,forhedoesnotacceptnormaleducation.Mostofhischildhoodexperienceismerelyfullofintolerablehumiliationandbrutalmistreatanddriftingfromplacetoplace.

　　4.2TheSocialInfluence—leadstoPerry’santisociality

Itseemsthatthe1960’sAmericansocietydoesn’tpresentapositivesidetoPerry,atleastinwhichhelivesin.NeitherintheperiodofPerry’schildhood,norafterhisenteringthesociety.TheunluckythingshappenedinhischildhoodmakesPerryfeeltheuglyfactofthesociety,thus,itislikelytodevelopacharacterofantisociality.Inthedaywhenthereisnobodylooksafterhim,hismothersendshimtoCatholicorphanage.Perryisoftenbeatenupbyoneofthenunsforhisbedwetting.Thenheisthrownoutbytheorphanageandsenttoachildren’swelfarehomerunbythe Salvation Army.Here,hesuffersmoreseriousmaltreatment.”IrememberoneplaceIwassentto.Ihadweakkidney&wetthebedeverynight.Thiswasveryhumiliatingtome,butIcouldn’tcontrolmyself.Iwasveryseverelybeatenbythecottagemistress,whohadcalledmenamesandmadefunofmeinfrontofallboys”(Capote89)Perryissenttothechildren’swelfarehouse,atemporaryresidence,andthisexperienceseemsnottocompensatehislackingoffamily’scare.Bycontrast,theevilsideofthesocietybringshimsevereandnegativeinfluence.Hesuffersfromignoranceandpainsbothfromfamilyandthesociety,andheistreatedwithgreatcrueltybythenun.“SheusedtocomearoundatallhoursofnighttoseeifIwetthebed.Shewouldthrowbackthecovers&furiouslybeatmewithalargeblackleatherbeltpullmeoutofmybedbymyhair&dragmetothebathroom&throwmeinthetub&turnedthecoldwateron&tellmetowashmyselfandthesheets.Everynightwasanightmare.”.(Capote267)Later,whenheisfaced withan acute illness,hisfatheremancipateshimfrompain.In1945,thefatherandthesonhasahugerowandPerryrushestobeasailor.Perryispassionatewithhiswork,andvoyagingtotheharboraroundthecountryishisfavoriteecstasy.Heisonlyattheageofsixteenthen,slimandshort,hejoinstheMerchantMarine.heisbedeviledwith homosexual harassment.Afewyearslater,thesameproblemofhomosexualharassmentoccursagainwhenheisdispatchedto Korean War.HeisgivenspecialrecognitionasthefirstKoreanVettocomebacktotheterritoryofAlaska.heisawardedthebronzemedal,eventhough,hedoesn’tacceptwarmlybythesociety.Heisunwillingtosuccumb tothedomineeringsergeant,sohedoesn’tgainmilitarypromotionwhenheisdemobilized.Perrysayshedoesnotdiscriminatehomosexualbutwishestobetreatedfairly.Forhiscaraccidentandhisgrowingolder,itishardforhimtohuntforajob.Mostoftheworkisthephysicallabor,whicharenotthebestchoiceforagedPerrywithawounded leg.

Theessenceofhumanbeingisthathumanmastersthenatureofthesocialphenomenon‘sinone’slives,andshowitthroughhissocialmanners.Socialrelationshipsexertthedominatedpoweronthespirituallifeofpeople.Personalityisnotonlyformedundertheinfluenceofenvironment,butalsoshapedintheactivitiesthatexertsinfluenceonpeoplesurroundings.WhatPerryencountersenableshimtodissatisfywiththesocietyandpeople,andheeventendstorevenge.Hethinkstheperceptionof“revenge”constantly,andhisegohastooverwhelmthisdesire,pushingitintothedomainofhissubconscious.Unfortunately,thedesireisratherintense,allowinghimtoformvariabletemperthatislikelytothrow tantrumsatanytime.Hedeemsthatallpeopleareeitherofhypocrisyorevil.Therefore,whatevermovementsheconductstothepeople,theygetwhattheydeserve.Inthechildren’swelfarehouse,afemalestafffrequentlybeatshimupandheispreytoextrememanner.Inhisautobiographyhewrites,“shewaslaterdischargefromherjob.Butthisneverchangedmymindabouther&whatIwishedIcouldhavedonetoher&allthepeoplewhomadefunofme”(Capote267)Thiskindofsocialoppressiondistorthispersonality.Atalentedandupstandingyoungmanturnstoacruelkiller.ItisPerrywhokillsthefourmembersoftheClutter’s.WhenPerryisboundingMr.Clutterdownwithcords,Mr.Clutterstaresathim,whicharousesahatredtotheman,andrecallshispainfulmemorythatheisteasedandmistreated.Thisbehaviorproveshisthoughtsthatnomatterwhatconducthetakestoothers,theygetwhattheydeserve.Mr.Clutterisafamousfarmer.HewasnotonlyfamousintheMidwestbutinWashington,DC.HeservesontheFederalFarmCreditBoardunderPresidentEisenhower.Mr.ClutterisatypicalwinneroftheAmericandream.Comparedwithhim,PerrySmithandDickHickock,unfortunately,arebothpoorlosersinpursuingthedream.

CapotequietlyexploresthesocietyandfamilyenvironmentthatleadstoPerry’sdistortedpersonality;His explanationisa  exposition of theconsequencesbroughtbythemurdersofClutters.Thesmalltownisfulloffearandterror.Likeashopkeeperinthebooksaysthatatthattimelocksanddoorchainsoldbest,andeveryoneisnotfastidiousaboutthebrand.Thistragedydisruptsthelocalmorals,theneighborswhogetalongwellbeforebeginningtomistrusteachother.Theauthorselectsscenesstrungtogethercarefully,directlymirrorsthesocialrealityofAmericaduringthe1950sand1960s.AmurderwithoutanymotiveprovesthesymbolofdisillusionmentoftheAmericandream.Capotepresentsatragedyintheerathroughapieceofordinarynews.Throughin-depthanalysisofcharacters’psychologicalstatesandsocialbackground,someprofoundpointsofviewarepresentedbytheauthorthatarousecitizen’sreflection.

FromwhathasmentionedthereadercandrawaconclusionthattheAmericandream’scanbeachievedonthebasisofmarginalmen. Andontheotherhand,forPerry,hereallyhada“motive”tocommitthecrime,assumingthatthefamilyandthesocietyhadgivenhimwarmthandcognition,thetragedycouldhavebeendefinitelyavoided.

　　5.Conclusion

InColdBloodinitiatesanewgenre –nonfiction,thisworkcombinenovel’sfictionality

withnewssubject’sauthenticity,whichenableitafetchingwork.Inlightofsix–year-longinterviewandinvestigation,theauthorportraysadetestableandpitifulcharacter.

Firstofall,byanalyzingPerry’spersonalitystructureaccordingtoFreud’spsychological structureandpersonalitystructuretheory,everyone’scharacterisunique,Althoughid,ego,superegoexistinhuman’scharacter,theirnatureandcontentdifferalot.Idisthattheinherithuntingforhappiness.Whenid’sneedcannotbesatisfiedthatisoppressedinsubconscious,thisdesirewillreleaseitselfinsomeway,suchasdreamandfantasy.

Superegoismoralizedego,experienceofchildhoodexertsinfluenceontheformationofegoideal.Furthermore,parents’andteachers’rewards,praiseandpunishmentwilldirectlyimpactonchildren’scognitionofsocialmoralityandnorms.Ifpent-upidcannotunleashitself,anditwillnotformsanesuperego,either.Itishardforegotoharnesstheconflictbetweenthem.Externalpressurehampershealthydevelopmentofego.Confrontedwiththreerespectsassaulting,Perry’segofrequentlymaintainsindissociatedcondition,whichspellshisformationofsplit-personality.

ThereisalwaysagapbetweenearnestwishandharshrealityinPerry’slife,loveandhateisconstantlyfloodedinhim,whichresultsinthecontradictionbetweenhispsychologyandconducts.Thealienatedrelationship between man and society,manandman,manandegoenablePerrytofeelhelpless,lonelyandtough.Themorehewantstogetridofthefeelingofalienation,thedeeperhesinksintoit.Perryhasnorelativesorfriendstodependon,spiritualneedcannotbesatisfied.Althoughheyearnsforintegrityandgoodnessinhumannature,aswellashisdream,thetoughrealityalwaysdisappointshim.Inconclusion,thechief culpritforPerry’stragicendingistheconflictinnerpersonality,family’snegativeimpactandsociety’sunfairness.

Intermsofanalyzingsuchapatheticandpassionatecharacter,Perry,theauthorpointsoutthatfamilyfactor,socialenvironmenthavealonglastinginfluenceonone’sconductevenhischaracter.Perry’sself-abandonedmothercauseshisalienationtowomen;hisindifferentfatherenablehimtoformambivalenceandtendencyofviolence,andtheevilsideofthesocietygraduallyshapesPerry’santisocialpersonality.Perry’sidisrestrained,andhisdesireforcarefromthefamily,understandingformfriendsrespectfromartdon’tgetsatisfied.Hisimperfectsuperegoisillustratedbyhisfailingtodistinguishbetweengoodandevil.Onlytokeepadynamicbalancebetweenid,egoandsuperegoandshapesanepersonality,thereadercanpreventcriminal mentalityfromforming,andcurbcriminalradically.

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