Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background
The loan words from English have become a very important part in Japanese language.With the advent of the Meiji Restoration,the increase of loan words from English language was especially fast in Japan.And the pragmatic functions of those words have been come more and more complete since that time.Nowadays,there are about 80 percent of Japanese loan words came from English.The loan words from English not only made Japanese expression richer and more expressive,but also have been spread over economy,politics,culture and daily life in Japan.What’s more,they have been infiltrated into ideology of Japanese people and influenced on Japanese society enormously.
1.2 Significance
Languages are the carrier of history,society and culture of countries.Some parts of behavior custom of people in a country are reflected in their language.
Researching into Japanese loan words from English language is helpful for us to learn the history and development of Japanese economic and cultural opening-up and communication.Loan words is one of the difficulties in Japanese learning,so it is of great importance to master them and their integration with Japanese culture for studying Japanese well.
1.3 Research Techniques
Based on the literature reviews,some Japanese loan words which from English will be given as examples to research their characteristics.The techniques which are used to research the historical reasons of Japanese loan words from English language,and to research their integration with Japanese culture are listed as follows:
(i)Referring to related researches on the internet and find some typical cases about Japanese load words from English.
(ii)Borrowing relevant books from the library to learn some research theories.
(iii)Discussing this topic with some Japanese friends and other people who is learning Japanese to solve some problems.
1.4 Structure
The contents of this paper are designed as follows:
(i)Chapter 1 introduces the background,significance,research techniques and structure of this paper.
(ii)In Chapter 2,the previous studies have been reviewed.Then the further research could be started based on the foreign and domestic researches listed in this chapter.
(iii)the historical evolution of English being introduced into Japanese have been retroacted in Chapter 3.The evolution is roughly divided into five periods.Some tables would be listed to show some examples about the POS and fields of Japanese loan words from English,waiseieigo,and the hybrid words combined by English and Japanese.
(v)In Chapter 4,the Positive and negative influences of English loanwords on Japanese culture have been reported by combining all the researches which had been done in the chapters above.
(vi)In Chapter 5,a conclusion would be made.
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
According to literature reviews,many scholars at home and abroad studied on Japanese loan words which focus on the aspects of linguistics,lexicology and history.Because of these words are playing an important role in Japanese language,and,in the meantime,they have a great influence on Japanese cultural development by mixing into Japanese language.
2.1 Foreign Researches
Loan words from English have made easily recognizable impact to Japanese culture at the present age.They constantly increase even in the area of children's talking.Berendt Erich,Kurosaki Eriko,Maeda Aya,Matsui Kathy and Ochi Naoko(2014)took Japanese ten-year-olds as the object to study on the effects of loan words from English on children of this age,and whether it can be used as a beneficial resource in English teaching or not.Results show that expand the social and semantic values of loan words from English can make a useful contribution to Japanese social development.
Bates L.Hoffer,Grace Yayoi Beard,Nobuyuki Honna(2009)gave a number of examples about the difference between English words and their loan words in Japanese.The scholars based on several studies of loan words from English,researched on grammatical restrictions of them and some new loan words and then made a supplement to their treatments of semantic shifts and cultural bases of pragmatic differences,etc.Finally,their conclusions are drawn from the perspective of sociolinguistic:the fast increasing of a huge English stratum in Japanese vocabulary is parallel with a proliferation of uses of these loan words.
Takako Tomoda(2007)studied on the meaning,social issues and people’s attitude of Japanese load words,which are called gairaigo（外来語）in Japanese,from other languages,and found that loan words from English might be continued to be adopted,but those loan words merge into Japanese then the creation of newly hybrid words is blurring the boundary between those loan words and the words formed natively.In addition,a lot of new gairaigos seem to have been used to introduce into modern,trendy or high-tech areas,they are not only filling in lexical gaps in the traditional sense.
Gillian Kay(1995)studied on cultural and historical contexts of Japanese loan words from English,as well as the functions served by them.Morphological,phonological,orthographical,syntactic and semantic modifications of those loan words provide are helpful to assimilate themselves into the native language.Even though it is like this,the scholar pointed out that cultural and linguistic loan is separate from native culture and language to a certain extent.
Kyoko Takashi(1991)researched on sociolinguistic analysis of loan words from English in Japanese print advertising and television commercials.Two hypotheses have been confirmed to be true in this study.Firstly,the main reason why loan words from English are used in language of advertising is that to make the products be considered to be more modern and advanced.And secondly,there is a relationship really exists between functions of those loan words and the consumer characteristics,such as gender,age and profession.
2.2 Domestic Researches
In the studies on Japanese-English,which is called waseieigo（和製英語）in Japanese,Jiang Xiu,Liu Lijuan(2012)researched the causes of its creation by analyzing the psychological and cultural factors of Japanese people.Zhang Xinyi,Han Bing(2016)studied on its defining scope and characteristics.The conclusion is that instead of being replaced by English or any other language,Japanese is subtly absorbing and assimilating with them,and the let the loan words from English become an integral part of Japanese language.
Sun Fenglong,Xiao Sicen,Zhu Ting,Li Hongmei(2016)studied on the word class of Japanese loan words from English,and make comparison in their meaning and parts of speech(POS)between the original words in English and its loan in Japanese.Besides,the authors analyzed the reason for the classification and manifestation of this etymology and reported that the use of loan words from English makes positive and negative impacts on Japanese society.In a similar study,He Jia(2016)compared Japanese loan words from English and the original Japanese words,then found that there are many similarities and differences between them in pronunciation,meaning,writing form and spelling in Roman alphabet,which shows the diversity of Japanese loan words from English.
Huang Xuejie(2001),Wang Yanhua,Guo Caijia(2010)and Liu Bin(2017)studied on the reasons of the fast increase of loan words in Japanese language.The scholars reported that the increasing of loan words in Japanese is an inevitable trend,and the speed of it will be more and more rapid.
In the studies on the influence of Japanese loan words,Gu miao(2017)and Yu Fang(2016)listed the development history and usage status of Japanese loan words and its positive and negative impact on Japanese society.Li Jiaze,Li Youze(2016)and Zheng Jia(2015)researched on the influence of Japanese loan words from the angle of economic and culture in Japan.
Fan Dongni(2015)and Yang Ziyun(2016)reported the analysis of Japanese loan words and Japanese language and cultural features.They introduced the connotation of Japanese loan words and the features of Japanese language and cultural are absorption,creativity and diversity.
2.3 Summerize
So far there are many researches on this subject.However,in the related studies on Japanese loan words from English,most of scholars pay more attention to their influence on English or Japanese teaching,or studied on it from the perspectives of linguistics and lexicology.But from the angle of Japanese culture,scholars focus on loan words from English rarely,but on all kinds of loan words in Japanese language.When research on the influence of loan words from English on Japan from the perspective of culture,the history between Japan and English countries,and the integration between original words and Japanese words should be concerned together.Consequently,on the basis of previous studies,a further research can be done comprehensively.
Chapter 3 The History of Loan Words from English and Its Integration with Japanese Language and Culture
Japanese loan words from English mostly indicates the new things and advanced technology concepts introduced from foreign countries in the process of modernization in Japan.Waseieigo and the loan words whose meaning have been changed after introducing in Japanese are also belong to this category.
3.1 The Historical Evolution of English being Introduced into Japanese
3.1.1 Civilized Period
After the Meiji Restoration,there were a number of mercantile and cultural exchanges between Japan and the Western countries,and Japan were influenced by English increasingly.The influence of English on Japanese comes from both Britain and America.The deepening of exchanges with Britain and the United States has made loan words from English language become more and more common in Japanese language.According to the record of Japanese dictionary GENKAI which was published in 1891,there were approximately 70 loan words from English which were introduced into Japanese at that time.Including bucket(バケット),handkerchief(ハンカチ),shirt(ワイシャツ),brush(ブラシ)and so on.But during this period,English as a foreign language still made the Japanese people feel a little uncomfortable.
3.1.2 Westernization Period
From 1883 to 1905,it the period when the Japanese government pursued the policy of extreme westernization of Europe and America,which brought more and more loan words from English into Japanese language,and Japanese trended to assimilate those loan words.Many English words,such as tunnel(トンネル),dozen(ダース),metre(メーター)and club(クラブ),are incorporated into Japanese vocabulary.In this period,loan words from English was called“metaphrase English”or"fashionable English".
3.1.3 The Period of New Culture Generating
The victory of the Russo-Japanese War led to the rapid development of Japanese culture and education.At that time,loan words from English have become ordinary words in Japan and have been used in daily life universally.Furthermore,the rapid development of education causes Japan to translate a large number of Western literary works and scientific works.Therefore,the professional and industry in the field of science and technology have absorbed English vocabulary in a large amount,and the loan words from English mainly used in terms of profession and terminology have been formed gradually.Such as energy(エネルギー),standard(スタンダード),sample(サンプル),switch(スイッチ),signal(シグナル)and so on.
3.1.4 The Period of New Culture Developing
The popularization of education made people's cultural quality generally improve.Because of the strongly encouraged by the media's propaganda,English words blended into the field of culture in Japan rapidly.In the same time,the loan words led by English words were filled with the whole Japanese society,Japanese people vigorously spread and used those loan words,which became a new fashion in Japan at that time.The more the loan words were used,the greater the two languages assimilated.Here are some typical words which have been using since that time:hiking(ハイキング),sports(スポーツ),speed(スピード)and modern girls(モダンガール),etc.
3.1.5 Post-World War II Period
After the Second World War,most loan words in Japanese came from American English.Those loan words from American English which entered into Japanese language in that period account for about 5%of the total Japanese vocabularies.In nowadays Japanese,all the loan words from English language are more than 20,000 roughly.But most of the loan words from English entered in that period were branded as that Japan was a defeated Nation in the World War II:media Wars(メディアウォーズ),sexy(セクシー),patrol(パトロール),off limits(オフリミット)and so on.
3.2 Classification of Japanese Loan Words from English
3.2.1 POS of The Loan Words from English
(i)Nouns
Most of the Japanese loan words from English are nouns,and it account for about 95 percent of the total loan words from English.Some of them have been abbreviate when transformed into Japanese.
Table 1 Examples of Nouns in Loan Words from English
Original Words Japanese Loan Words Transformation
Infla(tion)インフレーションインフレ
Apart(ment)アパートメントアパート
(ii)Verbs
The introduction of verbs in loan words from English can not be used directly as verbs in Japanese.Only in case that add“する”after the loan words and change it to the form of verbs in Japanese.
Table 2 Examples of Verbs in Loan Words from English
Original Words Japanese Loan Words Changing the form
Cancelキャンセルキャンセルする
Checkチェックチェックする
Relaxリラックスリラックスする
Changeチェンジチェンジする
(iii)Adjectives
The introduction of adjectives in loan words from English have made the Japanese expression become more and more enriched.Here are some examples of adjectives in Japanese loan words from English:
Table 3 Examples of Adjectives in Loan Words from English
Categories Original Words Japanese Loan Words
Color Pink,blue,black,dark,brightピンク,ブル,ブラック,
ダーク,ブライト
Nature Happy,special,highハッピー,スペシャル,ハイ
Popular Words Modern,cute,sexyモダーン,キュート,セクシー
Art&Scholarship Classic,romantic,standardクラシック,ロマンチック,スタンダード
Science&Technology Digital,solar,plasticデジタル,ソーラー,
プラスチック
Quantity Twin,half,minimalツイン,ハーフ,ミニマル
Age&Time Senior,old,monthlyシニア,オールド,マンスリー
Space International,global,easternインターナショナル,
グローバル,イースタン
Food Healthy,sour,spicyヘルシー,サワー,スパイシー
3.2.2 Fields of The Loan Words from English
The study shows that Japanese loan words from English involve in various fields and their distribution is uneven.It can be seen that the loan words from English which in the field of apparel and cosmetology’s account for the largest proportion of total loan words from English,and machinery and equipment sectors’are following.The gap between proportion of counts of loan words from English in other fields is not obvious.And the field of religion’s account for the minimum proportion.(Table 4)
Generally,the proportion of loan words from English used in daily life is the largest,technology and economy sectors’are following,and others which related with professional terminology also account for proportion to a certain extent.
Table 4 Percentage of The Japanese Loan Words from English in Various fields
Order Fields Percentage Order Fields Percentage
1 Apparel
Cosmetology 15.7%9 Engineering 4.3%
2 machinery
Equipment 9.5%10 Advertisement 4.0%
3 Sports
Entertainments 8.5%11 Politics
Organization
Military Affairs 3.9%
4 Economics
Management 8.3%12 Transportation 2.6%
5 Diet 7.6%13 Photograph
Prints 2.2%
6 Culture
Education
Arts 7.6%14 Universe 1.7%
7 Wildlife 5.5%15 Religion 0.9%
8 Physics
Chemistry
Medicine 4.6%16 Others 14.2%
Resource:Basic Loanwords Dictionary(4th Edition)(Ishiwata Toshio,1998)
3.2.3 The Difference of People’s Perception on Using Loan Words from English
In Japan,the use of loan words from English accompanies by subjective factors to a considerable degree.Whether a loan word can be widely accepted or used after being introduced into Japanese language depends on the user's perception and recognition of this word.That perception and recognition vary according to age,occupation,and living conditions of people.For example,young people advocate fresh things and foreign culture,so they like using loan words from English more than elders do.Elders often feel puzzled because they can not catch the development of language and can not understand new loan words from English.
In addition,due to the loan words from English originate from different domains,people who are familiar with that domain are receptive to the loan words from English in that field,but neither do people who are in the opposite case.Japanese males,for example,are relatively familiar with the loan words from English about baseball,while females are more familiar with those which is in the field of clothing and make-up.Besides,education is also one of the factors that affect the acceptance and use of loan words from English.A highly educated person has a strong ability to accept these loan words,whereas they haven’t.
3.3 Integration of The Loan Words from English with Japanese Language and Culture
Language is a important part of culture.The most typical linguistic phenomenon of integration between English and Japanese culture is the creation of waseieigo and the hybrid words in Japanese.
3.2.1 The waseieigo
The waseieigo is a kind of original Japanese words which look as if they were originated in English language.It can be roughly divided into two categories:one is combining two,and the other one is self creation which is purely produced in Japan.Some examples are listed in the following tables:
Table 5 Examples of The Waseieigo(I)
The Waseieigo The English Words Meaning
マイホームmy+home my home
ワイシャツwhite+shirt white shirt
アイスキャンデーice+candy ice candy
ビジネスホテルbusiness+hotel business hotel
Table 6 Examples of The Waseieigo(II)
The Waseieigo The English Words Meaning
マイブームmy+boom my favourite things;what I’m collecting
シルバーシートsilver+seat The old and sick pregnant special seat
The examples listed in Table 5 and Table 6 are words of waseieigo which combines two loan words from English into one word.But the difference is that the waseieigo in Table 5 didn’t change the original meaning of English phrase,while the waseieigo in Table 6 are phrases which are not exist in English and the meanings of them were changed after they were combined.
3.2.2 The Hybrid Words
The hybrid words refers to a kind of Japanese words formed by the combination of words from different languages.
While loan words from English were widely accepted by Japanese society,the creation of the hybrid words was catalyzed by requirements for the economical efficiency and flexibility of vocabulary.Here are some examples:
Table 7 Examples of The Hybrid Words
Categories The Hybrid Words Expressing in English Translation
Japanese
+
English電子レンジElectronic range microwave oven
消しゴムGum for erasing eraser
老人ホームHome for elders retirement home
English
+
Japaneseカップ面The noodles in cap Instant noodles
ゲーム機Machine for game recreational machines
テレビ番組television program TV program;TV show
Chapter 4 The Influence of Loan words from English on Japanese Language and Culture
4.1 Positive Influence
4.1.1 A Blend of English and Japanese Cultures
Language and word are not only symbols of a country,but also the important parts of national culture.The introduction of loan words from English language has made a great impact on Japanese language,which also has a direct influence on Japanese culture.In addition,the introduction of loan words from English is accompanied by an inflow of English culture.Japanese people love study,therefore,it was easier to blend the Japanese culture with English’s gradually,which made Japanese culture richer and richer.
In a sense,loan words from English are not only the blending of English and Japanese languages,but also the creation of the blending of both English and Japanese cultures.It is also the symbol of communication Japan and English-speaking countries.
Japan advances right along and becomes more and more powerful by learning and drawing lessons from other countries continuously.In this process,loan words from English has made up for the lack of the original Japanese culture in some parts.So it has been seen that language is not only the carrier of cultural communication,but also the inevitable outcome of social development to a certain stage.
In conclusion,loan words from English has not only made Japanese language and culture become richer,but also promote the development of Japanese science,technology,and society rapidly.
4.1.2 Adapting to The Japanese Cultural and Social Development
Flowing the introduction of advanced technology from Europe and America,Japan also participates in international cultural communication actively.Languages and words play the important role in the process of those communication.Japanese people use the character in their own language,katakana（片仮名）,to express the new terminology or technology from English language,which has facilitated their using by the vast number of native people in Japan and has provided a convenient for the localization of English culture in Japan.
On the other hand,Japan needs to introduce advanced production technology continuously in the process of social development,and the new technologies need to be expressed in the exact words as their mediums.So the words which are be able to transform the new technologies and cultures into Japanese language accurately are demanded.The loan words from English is adapted tot he Japanese cultural and social development,and the prevalence of these loan words also represents the good situation of Japanese cultural prosperity and development.
4.1.3 Catering to The Veiled Psychology in Japanese Culture
The Culture of Shame in Japan is considered as a typical culture as it’s in China.With the development of culture in the whole world,the sense of shame in other countries is weaker than the traditional thought.But this kind of change is not obvious in Japan,it’s still affects the mentality and certain behaviors of the Japanese people.They always feel ashamed to say some kinds of words,so they like to express their meaning implicitly when they are talking.In this case,loan words from English are in line with this the veiled psychology in Japanese culture.
Loan words from English can express some meaning implicitly and tactfully in some specific situations.For example,in Japan,to say the word“benjo(便所)”usually gives an unclean effect to other people,so it seems to be more elegant to express that meaning with the loan word“トイレ(toilet)”.Likewise,using the word“ローン(loan)”is not so direct as using the word“shakkin(借金)”in the expression of the same meaning.
Nowadays,most of people in Japan believe that loan words from English give people a feeling of noble and elegant,and it can make the speaker different.It’s why loan words from English becomes a fashion in Japan.
4.2 Negative Influence
4.2.1 Discouraging The Communication Between People of Different Ages
Although the loan words from English make young people feel convenient and fresh,but to a certain extent they discourage the communication between the elders and young people.Because of the learning ability of older people is weaker than young people’s,so it is difficult for most of the elders to understand the newly words loaned from English.
In addition,the old people are usually affected by the inherent habits and ideas.They are loath to accept those loan words from other languages and repel them psychologically.But the young people set forth a totally different,they are keen on new things and pursuit the loan words.The ideological gap is bound to increase obstacles of communication between the elders and young people,than further discourage their emotional communication.
4.2.2 Obstructing The Communication Between Japanese People and People from English-Speaking Countries
The pronounce of Japanese has negatively influenced the oral English learning of Japanese people.The loan words from English that Japanese young people learn is superficial.Japanese people usually transliterate English words according to their spelling,and then use katakana with similar pronunciation to substitute them and change them into Japanese-style English.This kind of“English”is not exactly understood by the people from English-speaking countries,and it also makes a big problem in the study of spoken English in Japan.
What’s more,most of the Japanese loan words from English language were introduced with the original meaning.But after that,some of them were given a new meaning in Japanese language.In that case,it will make misunderstanding in communication between Japanese people and people from English-speaking countries,as well as some troubles in people's lives,working and learning in Japan.
Chapter 5 The Conclusion
5.1 Research Found
By analyzing the etymology of loan words from English in Japanese,it is not difficult to find that loan words from English impact on various industries in Japan to varying degrees.The integration of loan words from English and Japanese culture makes the flexibility of Japanese language be realized,that is,the linguistic phenomenon that English has influence on Japanese culture indeed.
As a language culture comes out of the progress of the ages,the loan words from English,whose proportion in Japanese vocabulary will increase,which is become a consequent trend of the development of Japanese society.Continuous introduction of loanwords not only promoted the rapid development in Japan,but also transfuse fresh blood into Japanese culture.In short,even though there is any negative influence came into being,but positive influence is far greater than it.
5.2 Limitations
Etymology of Japanese loan words also depends on the field involved.Study of this paper was limited to loan words from English and didn’t delve into the etymological classification of loan words from other languages,their integration with Japanese culture and their influence on the internationalization in Japan.
In addition,this paper explores the positive and negative influence of loan words from English on Japanese culture,but there is no suggestions have been made on how to mitigate the negative effects.
5.3 Recommendation for Further Researches
Learning more and using those loan words from English properly and grasping the knowledge of it comprehensively can make us be more familiar with the linguistic characteristics and social culture in Japan.However,the problem of English education caused by the rapid increase of loan words from English has certain negative influence on the international exchange of Japanese people,and it also made some books with a lot of load words hard to read.In this regard,I hope that more relevant studies could point out effective solutions to further improve the efficiency on using Japanese loan words from English.
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