对所有变量用Kolmogorov-Smirnov test进行正态分布检验,对满足正态分布的数据采用One-way ANOVA分析,将具有显著差异的变量纳入后面的分析。如果不符合正态分布,则采用平方根转换法进行转换[63],并运用Kruskal-Wallis H Test比较转换后仍然不符合正态分布的数据[49]。
Fig.5-1 Temperature trend of different forest type(a)average temperatures between old-growth forests and secondary forests;(b)minimum temperatures between old-growth forests and secondary forests;(c)maximum temperatures between old-growth forests and secondary forests
Fig.5-5 Relative humidity trend of different forest type;(a)average relative humidity between old-growth forests and secondary forests;(b)minimum relative humidity between old-growth forests and secondary forests;(c)maximum relative humidity between old-growth forests and secondary forests
Fig.5-6 Comparison of relative humidity among different forest type(a)average relative humidity between old-growth forests and secondary forests;(b)minimum relative humidity between old-growth forests and secondary forests;(c)maximum relative humidity between old-growth forests and secondary forests
Fig.5-7 Illuminance trend of different forest type(a)average illuminance between old-growth forests and secondary forests;(b)minimum illuminance between old-growth forests and secondary forests;(c)maximum illuminance between old-growth forests and secondary forests
Fig.5-8 Comparison of illuminance among different forest origin(a)average illuminance of different forest origin;(b)minimum illuminance of different forest origin;(c)maximum illuminance of different forest origin
Fig.5-9 Comparison of temperature among different elevation(a)average temperature of different elevation;(b)minimum temperature of different elevation;(c)maximum temperature of different elevation;(d)range of temperature of different elevation
Fig.5-10 Comparison of relative humidity among different elevation(a)average relative humidity of different elevation;(b)minimum relative humidity of different elevation;(c)maximum relative humidity of different elevation;(d)range of relative humidity of different elevation
Fig.5-11 Comparison of illuminance among different elevation(a)average illuminance of different elevation;(b)minimum illuminance of different elevation;(c)maximum illuminance of different elevation;(d)range of illuminance of different elevation
[1]Peng S,Li Q,Ren H.Impact of climate change on wildlife[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(7):1153-9.
[2]Abiodun BJ,Lawal KA,Salami AT,et al.Potential influences of global warming on future climate and extreme events in Nigeria[J].Regional Environmental Change,2013,13(3):477-91.
[3]Coma R,Ribes M,Serrano E,et al.Global warming-enhanced stratification and mass mortality events in the Mediterranean[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2009,106(15):6176-81.
[4]Diffenbaugh NS,Singh D,Mankin JS,et al.Quantifying the influence of global warming on unprecedented extreme climate events[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2017,114(19):4881-6.
[5]Pachauri RK,Allen MR,Barros VR,et al.Climate change 2014:synthesis report.Contribution of Working Groups I,II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[C]:Ipcc;2014.
[6]Pecl GT,Araújo MB,Bell JD,et al.Biodiversity redistribution under climate change:Impacts on ecosystems and human well-being[J].Science,2017,355(6332):eaai9214.
[7]Parmesan C.Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change[J].Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst,2006,37:637-69.
[8]Chen I-C,Hill JK,Ohlemüller R,et al.Rapid range shifts of species associated with high levels of climate warming[J].Science,2011,333(6045):1024-6.
[9]Derocher AE,Lunn NJ,Stirling I.Polar bears in a warming climate[J].Integrative and comparative biology,2004,44(2):163-76.
[10]Sheridan JA,Bickford D.Shrinking body size as an ecological response to climate change[J].Nature climate change,2011,1(8):401.
[11]Menzel A,Fabian P.Growing season extended in Europe[J].Nature,1999,397(6721):659.
[12]Pretzsch H,Biber P,Schütze G,et al.Forest stand growth dynamics in Central Europe have accelerated since 1870[J].Nature communications,2014,5:4967.
[13]Walther G-R.Community and ecosystem responses to recent climate change[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2010,365(1549):2019-24.
[14]Bellard C,Bertelsmeier C,Leadley P,et al.Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity[J].Ecology letters,2012,15(4):365-77.
[15]Maclean I,editor Adapting nature conservation to climate change:the importance of microclimate[C]2018:Open Science Centre,University of Jyväskylä.
[16]Parmesan C,Yohe G.A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems[J].Nature,2003,421(6918):37.
[17]Root TL,Price JT,Hall KR,et al.Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants[J].Nature,2003,421(6918):57.
[18]Thomas CD,Franco AM,Hill JK.Range retractions and extinction in the face of climate warming[J].Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2006,21(8):415-6.
[19]Murphy-Klassen HM,Underwood TJ,Sealy SG,et al.Long-term trends in spring arrival dates of migrant birds at Delta Marsh,Manitoba,in relation to climate change[J].The Auk,2005,122(4):1130-48.
[20]Fan J,Li J,Xia R,et al.Assessing the impact of climate change on the habitat distribution of the giant panda in the Qinling Mountains of China[J].Ecological Modelling,2014,274:12-20.
[21]Walther G-R,Post E,Convey P,et al.Ecological responses to recent climate change[J].Nature,2002,416(6879):389.
[22]Vermeer M,Rahmstorf S.Global sea level linked to global temperature[J].Proceedings of the national academy of sciences,2009,106(51):21527-32.
[23]Grinsted A,Moore JC,Jevrejeva S.Reconstructing sea level from paleo and projected temperatures 200 to 2100 AD[J].Climate dynamics,2010,34(4):461-72.
[24]King J,Harangozo S.Climate change in the western Antarctic Peninsula since 1945:observations and possible causes[J].Annals of Glaciology,1998,27:571-5.
[25]Hoegh-Guldberg O.Climate change,coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs[J].Marine and freshwater research,1999,50(8):839-66.
[26]Hoegh-Guldberg O,Mumby PJ,Hooten AJ,et al.Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification[J].science,2007,318(5857):1737-42.
[27]Parmesan C.Climate and species'range[J].Nature,1996,382(6594):765-6.
[28]Peterson AT,Soberón J,Pearson RG,et al.Ecological niches and geographic distributions(MPB-49)[M]:Princeton University Press;2011.
[29]Kullman L.20th century climate warming and tree-limit rise in the southern Scandes of Sweden[J].Ambio:A journal of the Human Environment,2001,30(2):72-80.
[30]Lenoir J,Gégout J-C,Marquet P,et al.A significant upward shift in plant species optimum elevation during the 20th century[J].science,2008,320(5884):1768-71.
[31]Poloczanska ES,Brown CJ,Sydeman WJ,et al.Global imprint of climate change on marine life[J].Nature Climate Change,2013,3(10):919-25.
[32]Sorte CJ,Williams SL,Carlton JT.Marine range shifts and species introductions:comparative spread rates and community impacts[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,2010,19(3):303-16.
[33]Hickling R,Roy DB,Hill JK,et al.The distributions of a wide range of taxonomic groups are expanding polewards[J].Global change biology,2006,12(3):450-5.
[34]Chen I-C,Shiu H-J,Benedick S,et al.Elevation increases in moth assemblages over 42 years on a tropical mountain[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2009,106(5):1479-83.
[35]Dulvy NK,Rogers SI,Jennings S,et al.Climate change and deepening of the North Sea fish assemblage:a biotic indicator of warming seas[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,45(4):1029-39.
[36]Thompson Lo,Mosley-Thompson E,Davis M,et al.“Recent warming”:ice core evidence from tropical ice cores with emphasis on central Asia[J].Global and Planetary Change,1993,7(1-3):145-56.
[37]Hersteinsson P,Macdonald DW.Interspecific competition and the geographical distribution of red and arctic foxes Vulpes vulpes and Alopex lagopus[J].Oikos,1992:505-15.
[38]Sanderson FJ,Donald PF,Pain DJ,et al.Long-term population declines in Afro-Palearctic migrant birds[J].Biological conservation,2006,131(1):93-105.
[39]Crick HQ,Sparks TH.Climate change related to egg-laying trends[J].Nature,1999,399(6735):423-.
[41]Lozán JL.Climate of the 21st.Century:changes and risks2001.
[42]Post E,Peterson RO,Stenseth NC,et al.Ecosystem consequences of wolf behavioural response to climate[J].Nature,1999,401(6756):905-7.
[43]CBD S,editor Global biodiversity outlook 3[M]2010:Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Montreal,Quebec,Canada.
[44]Diversity SotCoB.Connecting biodiversity and climate change mitigation and adaptation:Report of the second ad hoc technical expert group on biodiversity and climate change[J].CBD technical series,2009.
[46]Thomas CD,Cameron A,Green RE,et al.Extinction risk from climate change[J].Nature,2004,427(6970):145-8.
[47]Stewart JA,Perrine JD,Nichols LB,et al.Revisiting the past to foretell the future:summer temperature and habitat area predict pika extirpations in California[J].Journal of Biogeography,2015,42(5):880-90.
[48]Gynther I,Waller N,Leung LK-P.Confirmation of the extinction of the Bramble Cay melomys Melomys rubicola on Bramble Cay,Torres Strait:results and conclusions from a comprehensive survey in August-September 2014:Queensland Government;2016.
[49]Geiger R.The climate near the ground[M]1957.
[50]Franklin TB.Climates in Miniature:A Study of Micro-Climate and Environment[J].1955.
[51]周璋.海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林小气候特征研究[D]:中国林业科学研究院;2009.
[52]С.П.赫洛莫夫.气候、大气候、地方气候及小气候[J].地理科学进展,1958.
[53]Visinoni L,Pernollet CA,Desmet J-F,et al.Microclimate and microhabitat selection by the Alpine Rock Ptarmigan(Lagopus muta helvetica)during summer[J].Journal of ornithology,2015,156(2):407-17.
[54]Patten MA,Wolfe DH,SHERROD SK,et al.Effects of microhabitat and microclimate selection on adult survivorship of the lesser prairie‐chicken[J].The Journal of wildlife management,2005,69(3):1270-8.
[55]Stelzner JK,Hausfater G.Posture,microclimate,and thermoregulation in yellow baboons[J].Primates,1986,27(4):449-63.
[56]Hiller TL,Guthery FS.Microclimate versus predation risk in roost and covert selection by bobwhites[J].The Journal of wildlife management,2005,69(1):140-9.
[57]Suggitt A,Hodgson J,Maclean I,et al.Microclimate,climate change and wildlife conservation[J].British Wildlife,2014,25(3):162-8.
[58]Gillingham P K,Palmer S C F,Huntley B,et al.The relative importance of climate and habitat in determining the distributions of species at different spatial scales:a case study with ground beetles in Great Britain[J].Ecography,2012,35(9):831-8.
[61]Zhu L,Zhang S,Gu X,et al.Significant genetic boundaries and spatial dynamics of giant pandas occupying fragmented habitat across southwest China[J].Molecular Ecology,2011,20(6):1122-32.
[62]张志和,魏辅文.大熊猫迁地保护理论与实践[M]2006.
[63]Zhao S,Zheng P,Dong S,et al.Whole-genome sequencing of giant pandas provides insights into demographic history and local adaptation[J].Nature Genetics,2013,45(1):67.
[73]Liu G,Guan T,Dai Q,et al.Impacts of temperature on giant panda habitat in the north Minshan Mountains[J].Ecology and evolution,2016,6(4):987-96.
[74]Songer M,Delion M,Biggs A,et al.Modeling impacts of climate change on giant panda habitat[J].International Journal of Ecology,2012,2012.
[75]Gong M,Guan T,Hou M,et al.Hopes and challenges for giant panda conservation under climate change in the Qinling Mountains of China[J].Ecology and evolution,2017,7(2):596-605.
[76]Tuanmu M-N,Viña A,Winkler JA,et al.Climate-change impacts on understorey bamboo species and giant pandas in China’s Qinling Mountains[J].Nature Climate Change,2013,3(3):249.
[77]Li R,Xu M,Wong MHG,et al.Climate change‐induced decline in bamboo habitats and species diversity:Implications for giant panda conservation[J].Diversity and Distributions,2015,21(4):379-91.
[78]Shen G,Pimm SL,Feng C,et al.Climate change challenges the current conservation strategy for the giant panda[J].Biological Conservation,2015,190:43-50.
[80]Jian J,Jiang H,Jiang Z,et al.Predicting giant panda habitat with climate data and calculated habitat suitability index(HSI)map[J].Meteorological Applications,2014,21(2):210-7.
[83]Janzen DH.Why bamboos wait so long to flower[J].Annual Review of Ecology and systematics,1976,7(1):347-91.
[84]Taylor AH,Reid DG,Zisheng Q,et al.Spatial patterns and environmental associates of bamboo(Bashania fangiana Yi)after mass-flowering in southwestern China[J].Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club,1991:247-54.
[85]Oyler JW,Dobrowski SZ,Ballantyne AP,et al.Artificial amplification of warming trends across the mountains of the western United States[J].Geophysical research letters,2015,42(1):153-61.
[86]Wei W,Swaisgood RR,Dai Q,et al.Giant panda distributional and habitat‐use shifts in a changing landscape[J].Conservation Letters,2018,11(6):e12575.
[90]Williams SE,Shoo LP,Isaac JL,et al.Towards an integrated framework for assessing the vulnerability of species to climate change[J].PLoS biology,2008,6(12):e325.
[91]Potter KA,Arthur Woods H,Pincebourde S.Microclimatic challenges in global change biology[J].Global change biology,2013,19(10):2932-9.
[92]Suggitt AJ,Wilson RJ,Isaac NJ,et al.Extinction risk from climate change is reduced by microclimatic buffering[J].Nature Climate Change,2018,8(8):713.
[93]Shoo LP,Storlie C,Vanderwal J,et al.Targeted protection and restoration to conserve tropical biodiversity in a warming world[J].Global Change Biology,2011,17(1):186-93.
[94]Scheffers BR,Brunner RM,Ramirez SD,et al.Thermal buffering of microhabitats is a critical factor mediating warming vulnerability of frogs in the Philippine biodiversity hotspot[J].Biotropica,2013,45(5):628-35.
[95]Scheffers BR,Phillips BL,Laurance WF,et al.Increasing arboreality with altitude:a novel biogeographic dimension[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2013,280(1770):20131581.
[97]Geiger R,Aron RH,Todhunter P.The climate near the ground[M]:Rowman&Littlefield;2009.
[98]Elsen PR,Tingley MW.Global mountain topography and the fate of montane species under climate change[J].Nature Climate Change,2015,5(8):772.
[99]De Frenne P,Rodríguez-Sánchez F,Coomes DA,et al.Microclimate moderates plant responses to macroclimate warming[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2013,110(46):18561-5.
[100]Shoo LP,Storlie C,Williams YM,et al.Potential for mountaintop boulder fields to buffer species against extreme heat stress under climate change[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2010,54(4):475-8.
[101]Hole DG,Willis SG,Pain DJ,et al.Projected impacts of climate change on a continent‐wide protected area network[J].Ecology letters,2009,12(5):420-31.
[102]Chapin TG,Harrison DJ,Katnik DD.Influence of Landscape Pattern on Habitat Use by American Marten in an Industrial Forest[J].Conservation Biology,1998,12(6):1327-37.
[103]Bearer S,Linderman M,Huang J,et al.Effects of fuelwood collection and timber harvesting on giant panda habitat use[J].Biological Conservation,141(2):0-393.
[118]Bearer S,Linderman M,Huang J,et al.Effects of fuelwood collection and timber harvesting on giant panda habitat use[J].Biological Conservation,141(2):0-393.
[119]Zhang Z,Swaisgood RR,Zhang S,等.Old-growth forest is what giant pandas really need[J].Biology Letters,2011,7(3):403-6.
[132]Ewers RM,Banks-Leite C.Fragmentation impairs the microclimate buffering effect of tropical forests[J].PLOS one,2013,8(3):e58093.
[133]Inouye DW.The ecological and evolutionary significance of frost in the context of climate change[J].Ecology Letters,2000,3(5):457-63.
[134]Von Arx G,Graf Pannatier E,Thimonier A,et al.Microclimate in forests with varying leaf area index and soil moisture:potential implications for seedling establishment in a changing climate[J].Journal of Ecology,2013,101(5):1201-13.
[136]Murcia C.Edge effects in fragmented forests:implications for conservation[J].Trends in ecology&evolution,1995,10(2):58-62.
[137]Norris C,Hobson P,Ibisch PL.Microclimate and vegetation function as indicators of forest thermodynamic efficiency[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,49(3):562-70.
[138]Greiser C,Meineri E,Luoto M,et al.Monthly microclimate models in a managed boreal forest landscape[J].Agricultural and forest meteorology,2018,250:147-58.